Merge branch 'feature/ui-and-backend-improvements'

backend/internal/handler/usage_handler.go

@@ -371,24 +371,16 @@ func (h *UsageHandler) DashboardApiKeysUsage(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	// Verify ownership of all requested API keys
-	userApiKeys, _, err := h.apiKeyService.List(c.Request.Context(), subject.UserID, pagination.PaginationParams{Page: 1, PageSize: 1000})
-	if err != nil {
-		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+	// Limit the number of API key IDs to prevent SQL parameter overflow
+	if len(req.ApiKeyIDs) > 100 {
+		response.BadRequest(c, "Too many API key IDs (maximum 100 allowed)")
 		return
 	}
 
-	userApiKeyIDs := make(map[int64]bool)
-	for _, key := range userApiKeys {
-		userApiKeyIDs[key.ID] = true
-	}
-
-	// Filter to only include user's own API keys
-	validApiKeyIDs := make([]int64, 0)
-	for _, id := range req.ApiKeyIDs {
-		if userApiKeyIDs[id] {
-			validApiKeyIDs = append(validApiKeyIDs, id)
-		}
+	validApiKeyIDs, err := h.apiKeyService.VerifyOwnership(c.Request.Context(), subject.UserID, req.ApiKeyIDs)
+	if err != nil {
+		response.ErrorFrom(c, err)
+		return
 	}
 
 	if len(validApiKeyIDs) == 0 {

backend/internal/repository/api_key_repo.go

@@ -81,6 +81,22 @@ func (r *apiKeyRepository) ListByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64, param
 	return outKeys, paginationResultFromTotal(total, params), nil
 }
 
+func (r *apiKeyRepository) VerifyOwnership(ctx context.Context, userID int64, apiKeyIDs []int64) ([]int64, error) {
+	if len(apiKeyIDs) == 0 {
+		return []int64{}, nil
+	}
+
+	ids := make([]int64, 0, len(apiKeyIDs))
+	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).
+		Model(&apiKeyModel{}).
+		Where("user_id = ? AND id IN ?", userID, apiKeyIDs).
+		Pluck("id", &ids).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return ids, nil
+}
+
 func (r *apiKeyRepository) CountByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (int64, error) {
 	var count int64
 	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&apiKeyModel{}).Where("user_id = ?", userID).Count(&count).Error

backend/internal/repository/usage_log_repo.go

@@ -129,51 +129,67 @@ type DashboardStats = usagestats.DashboardStats
 func (r *usageLogRepository) GetDashboardStats(ctx context.Context) (*DashboardStats, error) {
 	var stats DashboardStats
 	today := timezone.Today()
+	now := time.Now()
 
-	// 总用户数
-	r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&userModel{}).Count(&stats.TotalUsers)
-
-	// 今日新增用户数
-	r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&userModel{}).
-		Where("created_at >= ?", today).
-		Count(&stats.TodayNewUsers)
-
-	// 今日活跃用户数 (今日有请求的用户)
-	r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&usageLogModel{}).
-		Distinct("user_id").
-		Where("created_at >= ?", today).
-		Count(&stats.ActiveUsers)
-
-	// 总 API Key 数
-	r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&apiKeyModel{}).Count(&stats.TotalApiKeys)
-
-	// 活跃 API Key 数
-	r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&apiKeyModel{}).
-		Where("status = ?", service.StatusActive).
-		Count(&stats.ActiveApiKeys)
-
-	// 总账户数
-	r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&accountModel{}).Count(&stats.TotalAccounts)
-
-	// 正常账户数 (schedulable=true, status=active)
-	r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&accountModel{}).
-		Where("status = ? AND schedulable = ?", service.StatusActive, true).
-		Count(&stats.NormalAccounts)
-
-	// 异常账户数 (status=error)
-	r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&accountModel{}).
-		Where("status = ?", service.StatusError).
-		Count(&stats.ErrorAccounts)
+	// 合并用户统计查询
+	var userStats struct {
+		TotalUsers    int64 `gorm:"column:total_users"`
+		TodayNewUsers int64 `gorm:"column:today_new_users"`
+		ActiveUsers   int64 `gorm:"column:active_users"`
+	}
+	if err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).Raw(`
+		SELECT
+			COUNT(*) as total_users,
+			COUNT(CASE WHEN created_at >= ? THEN 1 END) as today_new_users,
+			(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT user_id) FROM usage_logs WHERE created_at >= ?) as active_users
+		FROM users
+	`, today, today).Scan(&userStats).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	stats.TotalUsers = userStats.TotalUsers
+	stats.TodayNewUsers = userStats.TodayNewUsers
+	stats.ActiveUsers = userStats.ActiveUsers
 
-	// 限流账户数
-	r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&accountModel{}).
-		Where("rate_limited_at IS NOT NULL AND rate_limit_reset_at > ?", time.Now()).
-		Count(&stats.RateLimitAccounts)
+	// 合并API Key统计查询
+	var apiKeyStats struct {
+		TotalApiKeys  int64 `gorm:"column:total_api_keys"`
+		ActiveApiKeys int64 `gorm:"column:active_api_keys"`
+	}
+	if err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).Raw(`
+		SELECT
+			COUNT(*) as total_api_keys,
+			COUNT(CASE WHEN status = ? THEN 1 END) as active_api_keys
+		FROM api_keys
+	`, service.StatusActive).Scan(&apiKeyStats).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	stats.TotalApiKeys = apiKeyStats.TotalApiKeys
+	stats.ActiveApiKeys = apiKeyStats.ActiveApiKeys
 
-	// 过载账户数
-	r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&accountModel{}).
-		Where("overload_until IS NOT NULL AND overload_until > ?", time.Now()).
-		Count(&stats.OverloadAccounts)
+	// 合并账户统计查询
+	var accountStats struct {
+		TotalAccounts     int64 `gorm:"column:total_accounts"`
+		NormalAccounts    int64 `gorm:"column:normal_accounts"`
+		ErrorAccounts     int64 `gorm:"column:error_accounts"`
+		RateLimitAccounts int64 `gorm:"column:ratelimit_accounts"`
+		OverloadAccounts  int64 `gorm:"column:overload_accounts"`
+	}
+	if err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).Raw(`
+		SELECT
+			COUNT(*) as total_accounts,
+			COUNT(CASE WHEN status = ? AND schedulable = true THEN 1 END) as normal_accounts,
+			COUNT(CASE WHEN status = ? THEN 1 END) as error_accounts,
+			COUNT(CASE WHEN rate_limited_at IS NOT NULL AND rate_limit_reset_at > ? THEN 1 END) as ratelimit_accounts,
+			COUNT(CASE WHEN overload_until IS NOT NULL AND overload_until > ? THEN 1 END) as overload_accounts
+		FROM accounts
+	`, service.StatusActive, service.StatusError, now, now).Scan(&accountStats).Error; err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	stats.TotalAccounts = accountStats.TotalAccounts
+	stats.NormalAccounts = accountStats.NormalAccounts
+	stats.ErrorAccounts = accountStats.ErrorAccounts
+	stats.RateLimitAccounts = accountStats.RateLimitAccounts
+	stats.OverloadAccounts = accountStats.OverloadAccounts
 
 	// 累计 Token 统计
 	var totalStats struct {
@@ -273,6 +289,88 @@ func (r *usageLogRepository) ListByUserAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, userID
 	return usageLogModelsToService(logs), nil, err
 }
 
+// GetUserStatsAggregated returns aggregated usage statistics for a user using database-level aggregation
+func (r *usageLogRepository) GetUserStatsAggregated(ctx context.Context, userID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) (*usagestats.UsageStats, error) {
+	var stats struct {
+		TotalRequests     int64   `gorm:"column:total_requests"`
+		TotalInputTokens  int64   `gorm:"column:total_input_tokens"`
+		TotalOutputTokens int64   `gorm:"column:total_output_tokens"`
+		TotalCacheTokens  int64   `gorm:"column:total_cache_tokens"`
+		TotalCost         float64 `gorm:"column:total_cost"`
+		TotalActualCost   float64 `gorm:"column:total_actual_cost"`
+		AverageDurationMs float64 `gorm:"column:avg_duration_ms"`
+	}
+
+	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&usageLogModel{}).
+		Select(`
+			COUNT(*) as total_requests,
+			COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens), 0) as total_input_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(output_tokens), 0) as total_output_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(cache_creation_tokens + cache_read_tokens), 0) as total_cache_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(total_cost), 0) as total_cost,
+			COALESCE(SUM(actual_cost), 0) as total_actual_cost,
+			COALESCE(AVG(COALESCE(duration_ms, 0)), 0) as avg_duration_ms
+		`).
+		Where("user_id = ? AND created_at >= ? AND created_at < ?", userID, startTime, endTime).
+		Scan(&stats).Error
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &usagestats.UsageStats{
+		TotalRequests:     stats.TotalRequests,
+		TotalInputTokens:  stats.TotalInputTokens,
+		TotalOutputTokens: stats.TotalOutputTokens,
+		TotalCacheTokens:  stats.TotalCacheTokens,
+		TotalTokens:       stats.TotalInputTokens + stats.TotalOutputTokens + stats.TotalCacheTokens,
+		TotalCost:         stats.TotalCost,
+		TotalActualCost:   stats.TotalActualCost,
+		AverageDurationMs: stats.AverageDurationMs,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// GetApiKeyStatsAggregated returns aggregated usage statistics for an API key using database-level aggregation
+func (r *usageLogRepository) GetApiKeyStatsAggregated(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) (*usagestats.UsageStats, error) {
+	var stats struct {
+		TotalRequests     int64   `gorm:"column:total_requests"`
+		TotalInputTokens  int64   `gorm:"column:total_input_tokens"`
+		TotalOutputTokens int64   `gorm:"column:total_output_tokens"`
+		TotalCacheTokens  int64   `gorm:"column:total_cache_tokens"`
+		TotalCost         float64 `gorm:"column:total_cost"`
+		TotalActualCost   float64 `gorm:"column:total_actual_cost"`
+		AverageDurationMs float64 `gorm:"column:avg_duration_ms"`
+	}
+
+	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).Model(&usageLogModel{}).
+		Select(`
+			COUNT(*) as total_requests,
+			COALESCE(SUM(input_tokens), 0) as total_input_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(output_tokens), 0) as total_output_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(cache_creation_tokens + cache_read_tokens), 0) as total_cache_tokens,
+			COALESCE(SUM(total_cost), 0) as total_cost,
+			COALESCE(SUM(actual_cost), 0) as total_actual_cost,
+			COALESCE(AVG(COALESCE(duration_ms, 0)), 0) as avg_duration_ms
+		`).
+		Where("api_key_id = ? AND created_at >= ? AND created_at < ?", apiKeyID, startTime, endTime).
+		Scan(&stats).Error
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &usagestats.UsageStats{
+		TotalRequests:     stats.TotalRequests,
+		TotalInputTokens:  stats.TotalInputTokens,
+		TotalOutputTokens: stats.TotalOutputTokens,
+		TotalCacheTokens:  stats.TotalCacheTokens,
+		TotalTokens:       stats.TotalInputTokens + stats.TotalOutputTokens + stats.TotalCacheTokens,
+		TotalCost:         stats.TotalCost,
+		TotalActualCost:   stats.TotalActualCost,
+		AverageDurationMs: stats.AverageDurationMs,
+	}, nil
+}
+
 func (r *usageLogRepository) ListByApiKeyAndTimeRange(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) ([]service.UsageLog, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	var logs []usageLogModel
 	err := r.db.WithContext(ctx).

backend/internal/server/api_contract_test.go

@@ -788,6 +788,25 @@ func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) ListByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params
 	}, nil
 }
 
+func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) VerifyOwnership(ctx context.Context, userID int64, apiKeyIDs []int64) ([]int64, error) {
+	if len(apiKeyIDs) == 0 {
+		return []int64{}, nil
+	}
+	seen := make(map[int64]struct{}, len(apiKeyIDs))
+	out := make([]int64, 0, len(apiKeyIDs))
+	for _, id := range apiKeyIDs {
+		if _, ok := seen[id]; ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[id] = struct{}{}
+		key, ok := r.byID[id]
+		if ok && key.UserID == userID {
+			out = append(out, id)
+		}
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
 func (r *stubApiKeyRepo) CountByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (int64, error) {
 	var count int64
 	for _, key := range r.byID {
@@ -903,6 +922,55 @@ func (r *stubUsageLogRepo) GetUserUsageTrend(ctx context.Context, startTime, end
 	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }
 
+func (r *stubUsageLogRepo) GetUserStatsAggregated(ctx context.Context, userID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) (*usagestats.UsageStats, error) {
+	logs := r.userLogs[userID]
+	if len(logs) == 0 {
+		return &usagestats.UsageStats{}, nil
+	}
+
+	var totalRequests int64
+	var totalInputTokens int64
+	var totalOutputTokens int64
+	var totalCacheTokens int64
+	var totalCost float64
+	var totalActualCost float64
+	var totalDuration int64
+	var durationCount int64
+
+	for _, log := range logs {
+		totalRequests++
+		totalInputTokens += int64(log.InputTokens)
+		totalOutputTokens += int64(log.OutputTokens)
+		totalCacheTokens += int64(log.CacheCreationTokens + log.CacheReadTokens)
+		totalCost += log.TotalCost
+		totalActualCost += log.ActualCost
+		if log.DurationMs != nil {
+			totalDuration += int64(*log.DurationMs)
+			durationCount++
+		}
+	}
+
+	var avgDuration float64
+	if durationCount > 0 {
+		avgDuration = float64(totalDuration) / float64(durationCount)
+	}
+
+	return &usagestats.UsageStats{
+		TotalRequests:     totalRequests,
+		TotalInputTokens:  totalInputTokens,
+		TotalOutputTokens: totalOutputTokens,
+		TotalCacheTokens:  totalCacheTokens,
+		TotalTokens:       totalInputTokens + totalOutputTokens + totalCacheTokens,
+		TotalCost:         totalCost,
+		TotalActualCost:   totalActualCost,
+		AverageDurationMs: avgDuration,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (r *stubUsageLogRepo) GetApiKeyStatsAggregated(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) (*usagestats.UsageStats, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
+}
+
 func (r *stubUsageLogRepo) GetBatchUserUsageStats(ctx context.Context, userIDs []int64) (map[int64]*usagestats.BatchUserUsageStats, error) {
 	return nil, errors.New("not implemented")
 }

backend/internal/service/account_usage_service.go

@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@ type UsageLogRepository interface {
 
 	// Account stats
 	GetAccountUsageStats(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) (*usagestats.AccountUsageStatsResponse, error)
+
+	// Aggregated stats (optimized)
+	GetUserStatsAggregated(ctx context.Context, userID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) (*usagestats.UsageStats, error)
+	GetApiKeyStatsAggregated(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) (*usagestats.UsageStats, error)
 }
 
 // usageCache 用于缓存usage数据

backend/internal/service/api_key_service.go

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ type ApiKeyRepository interface {
 	Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error
 
 	ListByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]ApiKey, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
+	VerifyOwnership(ctx context.Context, userID int64, apiKeyIDs []int64) ([]int64, error)
 	CountByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (int64, error)
 	ExistsByKey(ctx context.Context, key string) (bool, error)
 	ListByGroupID(ctx context.Context, groupID int64, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]ApiKey, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
@@ -256,6 +257,18 @@ func (s *ApiKeyService) List(ctx context.Context, userID int64, params paginatio
 	return keys, pagination, nil
 }
 
+func (s *ApiKeyService) VerifyOwnership(ctx context.Context, userID int64, apiKeyIDs []int64) ([]int64, error) {
+	if len(apiKeyIDs) == 0 {
+		return []int64{}, nil
+	}
+
+	validIDs, err := s.apiKeyRepo.VerifyOwnership(ctx, userID, apiKeyIDs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("verify api key ownership: %w", err)
+	}
+	return validIDs, nil
+}
+
 // GetByID 根据ID获取API Key
 func (s *ApiKeyService) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*ApiKey, error) {
 	apiKey, err := s.apiKeyRepo.GetByID(ctx, id)

backend/internal/service/usage_service.go

@@ -148,22 +148,40 @@ func (s *UsageService) ListByAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID int64, param
 
 // GetStatsByUser 获取用户的使用统计
 func (s *UsageService) GetStatsByUser(ctx context.Context, userID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) (*UsageStats, error) {
-	logs, _, err := s.usageRepo.ListByUserAndTimeRange(ctx, userID, startTime, endTime)
+	stats, err := s.usageRepo.GetUserStatsAggregated(ctx, userID, startTime, endTime)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list usage logs: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get user stats: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return s.calculateStats(logs), nil
+	return &UsageStats{
+		TotalRequests:     stats.TotalRequests,
+		TotalInputTokens:  stats.TotalInputTokens,
+		TotalOutputTokens: stats.TotalOutputTokens,
+		TotalCacheTokens:  stats.TotalCacheTokens,
+		TotalTokens:       stats.TotalTokens,
+		TotalCost:         stats.TotalCost,
+		TotalActualCost:   stats.TotalActualCost,
+		AverageDurationMs: stats.AverageDurationMs,
+	}, nil
 }
 
 // GetStatsByApiKey 获取API Key的使用统计
 func (s *UsageService) GetStatsByApiKey(ctx context.Context, apiKeyID int64, startTime, endTime time.Time) (*UsageStats, error) {
-	logs, _, err := s.usageRepo.ListByApiKeyAndTimeRange(ctx, apiKeyID, startTime, endTime)
+	stats, err := s.usageRepo.GetApiKeyStatsAggregated(ctx, apiKeyID, startTime, endTime)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("list usage logs: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get api key stats: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return s.calculateStats(logs), nil
+	return &UsageStats{
+		TotalRequests:     stats.TotalRequests,
+		TotalInputTokens:  stats.TotalInputTokens,
+		TotalOutputTokens: stats.TotalOutputTokens,
+		TotalCacheTokens:  stats.TotalCacheTokens,
+		TotalTokens:       stats.TotalTokens,
+		TotalCost:         stats.TotalCost,
+		TotalActualCost:   stats.TotalActualCost,
+		AverageDurationMs: stats.AverageDurationMs,
+	}, nil
 }
 
 // GetStatsByAccount 获取账号的使用统计

frontend/src/components/common/ConfirmDialog.vue

@@ -31,8 +31,12 @@
 </template>
 
 <script setup lang="ts">
+import { computed } from 'vue'
+import { useI18n } from 'vue-i18n'
 import Modal from './Modal.vue'
 
+const { t } = useI18n()
+
 interface Props {
   show: boolean
   title: string
@@ -47,12 +51,13 @@ interface Emits {
   (e: 'cancel'): void
 }
 
-withDefaults(defineProps<Props>(), {
-  confirmText: 'Confirm',
-  cancelText: 'Cancel',
+const props = withDefaults(defineProps<Props>(), {
   danger: false
 })
 
+const confirmText = computed(() => props.confirmText || t('common.confirm'))
+const cancelText = computed(() => props.cancelText || t('common.cancel'))
+
 const emit = defineEmits<Emits>()
 
 const handleConfirm = () => {

frontend/src/components/common/DataTable.vue

@@ -152,6 +152,7 @@ const { t } = useI18n()
 // 表格容器引用
 const tableWrapperRef = ref<HTMLElement | null>(null)
 const isScrollable = ref(false)
+const actionsColumnNeedsExpanding = ref(false)
 
 // 检查是否可滚动
 const checkScrollable = () => {
@@ -160,17 +161,49 @@ const checkScrollable = () => {
   }
 }
 
+// 检查操作列是否需要展开
+const checkActionsColumnWidth = () => {
+  if (!tableWrapperRef.value) return
+
+  // 查找操作列的表头单元格
+  const actionsHeader = tableWrapperRef.value.querySelector('th:has(button[title*="Expand"], button[title*="展开"])')
+  if (!actionsHeader) return
+
+  // 查找第一行的操作列单元格
+  const firstActionCell = tableWrapperRef.value.querySelector('tbody tr:first-child td:last-child')
+  if (!firstActionCell) return
+
+  // 获取操作列内容的实际宽度
+  const actionsContent = firstActionCell.querySelector('div')
+  if (!actionsContent) return
+
+  // 比较内容宽度和单元格宽度
+  const contentWidth = actionsContent.scrollWidth
+  const cellWidth = (firstActionCell as HTMLElement).clientWidth
+
+  // 如果内容宽度超过单元格宽度，说明需要展开
+  actionsColumnNeedsExpanding.value = contentWidth > cellWidth
+}
+
 // 监听尺寸变化
 let resizeObserver: ResizeObserver | null = null
 
 onMounted(() => {
   checkScrollable()
+  checkActionsColumnWidth()
   if (tableWrapperRef.value && typeof ResizeObserver !== 'undefined') {
-    resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(checkScrollable)
+    resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(() => {
+      checkScrollable()
+      checkActionsColumnWidth()
+    })
     resizeObserver.observe(tableWrapperRef.value)
   } else {
     // 降级方案：不支持 ResizeObserver 时使用 window resize
-    window.addEventListener('resize', checkScrollable)
+    const handleResize = () => {
+      checkScrollable()
+      checkActionsColumnWidth()
+    }
+    window.addEventListener('resize', handleResize)
   }
 })
 
@@ -205,6 +238,7 @@ watch(
   async () => {
     await nextTick()
     checkScrollable()
+    checkActionsColumnWidth()
   },
   { flush: 'post' }
 )
@@ -234,7 +268,11 @@ const sortedData = computed(() => {
 
 // 检查是否有可展开的操作列
 const hasExpandableActions = computed(() => {
-  return props.expandableActions && props.columns.some((col) => col.key === 'actions')
+  return (
+    props.expandableActions &&
+    props.columns.some((col) => col.key === 'actions') &&
+    actionsColumnNeedsExpanding.value
+  )
 })
 
 // 切换操作列展开/折叠状态

frontend/src/components/common/EmptyState.vue

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 
     <!-- Title -->
     <h3 class="empty-state-title">
-      {{ title }}
+      {{ displayTitle }}
     </h3>
 
     <!-- Description -->
@@ -61,8 +61,12 @@
 </template>
 
 <script setup lang="ts">
+import { computed } from 'vue'
+import { useI18n } from 'vue-i18n'
 import type { Component } from 'vue'
 
+const { t } = useI18n()
+
 interface Props {
   icon?: Component | string
   title?: string
@@ -73,11 +77,12 @@ interface Props {
   message?: string
 }
 
-withDefaults(defineProps<Props>(), {
-  title: 'No data found',
+const props = withDefaults(defineProps<Props>(), {
   description: '',
   actionIcon: true
 })
 
+const displayTitle = computed(() => props.title || t('common.noData'))
+
 defineEmits(['action'])
 </script>

frontend/src/components/common/SubscriptionProgressMini.vue

@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ function formatDaysRemaining(expiresAt: string): string {
   const diff = expires.getTime() - now.getTime()
   if (diff < 0) return t('subscriptionProgress.expired')
   const days = Math.ceil(diff / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24))
-  if (days === 0) return t('subscriptionProgress.expirestoday')
+  if (days === 0) return t('subscriptionProgress.expiresToday')
   if (days === 1) return t('subscriptionProgress.expiresTomorrow')
   return t('subscriptionProgress.daysRemaining', { days })
 }

frontend/src/i18n/locales/en.ts

@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ export default {
       password: 'Password',
       databaseName: 'Database Name',
       sslMode: 'SSL Mode',
+      passwordPlaceholder: 'Password',
       ssl: {
         disable: 'Disable',
         require: 'Require',
@@ -64,13 +65,17 @@ export default {
       host: 'Host',
       port: 'Port',
       password: 'Password (optional)',
-      database: 'Database'
+      database: 'Database',
+      passwordPlaceholder: 'Password'
     },
     admin: {
       title: 'Admin Account',
       email: 'Email',
       password: 'Password',
-      confirmPassword: 'Confirm Password'
+      confirmPassword: 'Confirm Password',
+      passwordPlaceholder: 'Min 6 characters',
+      confirmPasswordPlaceholder: 'Confirm password',
+      passwordMismatch: 'Passwords do not match'
     },
     ready: {
       title: 'Ready to Install',
@@ -127,7 +132,14 @@ export default {
     searchPlaceholder: 'Search...',
     noOptionsFound: 'No options found',
     saving: 'Saving...',
-    refresh: 'Refresh'
+    refresh: 'Refresh',
+    time: {
+      never: 'Never',
+      justNow: 'Just now',
+      minutesAgo: '{n}m ago',
+      hoursAgo: '{n}h ago',
+      daysAgo: '{n}d ago'
+    }
   },
 
   // Navigation
@@ -263,7 +275,7 @@ export default {
     created: 'Created',
     copyToClipboard: 'Copy to clipboard',
     copied: 'Copied!',
-    importToCcSwitch: 'Import to CC Switch',
+    importToCcSwitch: 'Import to CCS',
     enable: 'Enable',
     disable: 'Disable',
     nameLabel: 'Name',
@@ -517,6 +529,7 @@ export default {
       actual: 'Actual',
       standard: 'Standard',
       noDataAvailable: 'No data available',
+      recentUsage: 'Recent Usage',
       failedToLoad: 'Failed to load dashboard statistics'
     },
 
@@ -569,9 +582,13 @@ export default {
       noSubscription: 'No subscription',
       daysRemaining: '{days}d',
       expired: 'Expired',
+      disable: 'Disable',
+      enable: 'Enable',
       disableUser: 'Disable User',
       enableUser: 'Enable User',
       viewApiKeys: 'View API Keys',
+      groups: 'Groups',
+      apiKeys: 'API Keys',
       userApiKeys: 'User API Keys',
       noApiKeys: 'This user has no API keys',
       group: 'Group',

frontend/src/i18n/locales/zh.ts

@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ export default {
       password: '密码',
       databaseName: '数据库名称',
       sslMode: 'SSL 模式',
+      passwordPlaceholder: '密码',
       ssl: {
         disable: '禁用',
         require: '要求',
@@ -61,13 +62,17 @@ export default {
       host: '主机',
       port: '端口',
       password: '密码（可选）',
-      database: '数据库'
+      database: '数据库',
+      passwordPlaceholder: '密码'
     },
     admin: {
       title: '管理员账户',
       email: '邮箱',
       password: '密码',
-      confirmPassword: '确认密码'
+      confirmPassword: '确认密码',
+      passwordPlaceholder: '至少 6 个字符',
+      confirmPasswordPlaceholder: '确认密码',
+      passwordMismatch: '密码不匹配'
     },
     ready: {
       title: '准备安装',
@@ -124,7 +129,14 @@ export default {
     searchPlaceholder: '搜索...',
     noOptionsFound: '无匹配选项',
     saving: '保存中...',
-    refresh: '刷新'
+    refresh: '刷新',
+    time: {
+      never: '从未',
+      justNow: '刚刚',
+      minutesAgo: '{n}分钟前',
+      hoursAgo: '{n}小时前',
+      daysAgo: '{n}天前'
+    }
   },
 
   // Navigation
@@ -260,7 +272,7 @@ export default {
     created: '创建时间',
     copyToClipboard: '复制到剪贴板',
     copied: '已复制！',
-    importToCcSwitch: '导入到 CC Switch',
+    importToCcSwitch: '导入到 CCS',
     enable: '启用',
     disable: '禁用',
     nameLabel: '名称',
@@ -589,9 +601,13 @@ export default {
       noSubscription: '暂无订阅',
       daysRemaining: '{days}天',
       expired: '已过期',
+      disable: '禁用',
+      enable: '启用',
       disableUser: '禁用用户',
       enableUser: '启用用户',
       viewApiKeys: '查看 API 密钥',
+      groups: '分组',
+      apiKeys: 'API密钥',
       userApiKeys: '用户 API 密钥',
       noApiKeys: '此用户暂无 API 密钥',
       group: '分组',
@@ -727,10 +743,13 @@ export default {
         priorityHint: '数值越高优先级越高，用于账号调度',
         statusLabel: '状态'
       },
-      exclusive: {
+      exclusiveObj: {
         yes: '是',
         no: '否'
       },
+      exclusive: '独占',
+      exclusiveHint: '启用后，此分组的用户将独占使用分配的账号',
+      rateMultiplierHint: '1.0 = 标准费率，0.5 = 半价，2.0 = 双倍',
       platforms: {
         all: '全部平台',
         claude: 'Claude',
@@ -876,6 +895,7 @@ export default {
       deleteConfirmMessage: "确定要删除账号 '{name}' 吗？",
       refreshCookie: '刷新 Cookie',
       testAccount: '测试账号',
+      searchAccounts: '搜索账号...',
       // Filter options
       allPlatforms: '全部平台',
       allTypes: '全部类型',
@@ -903,6 +923,19 @@ export default {
         lastUsed: '最近使用',
         actions: '操作'
       },
+      clearRateLimit: '清除速率限制',
+      testConnection: '测试连接',
+      reAuthorize: '重新授权',
+      refreshToken: '刷新令牌',
+      noAccountsYet: '暂无账号',
+      createFirstAccount: '添加 AI 平台账号以开始使用 API 网关。',
+      tokenRefreshed: 'Token 刷新成功',
+      accountDeleted: '账号删除成功',
+      rateLimitCleared: '速率限制已清除',
+      setupToken: 'Setup Token',
+      apiKey: 'API Key',
+      deleteConfirm: "确定要删除账号 '{name}' 吗？此操作无法撤销。",
+      failedToClearRateLimit: '清除速率限制失败',
       platforms: {
         claude: 'Claude',
         openai: 'OpenAI',

frontend/src/utils/format.ts

@@ -3,30 +3,32 @@
  * 参考 CRS 项目的 format.js 实现
  */
 
+import { i18n } from '@/i18n'
+
 /**
  * 格式化相对时间
  * @param date 日期字符串或 Date 对象
  * @returns 相对时间字符串，如 "5m ago", "2h ago", "3d ago"
  */
 export function formatRelativeTime(date: string | Date | null | undefined): string {
-  if (!date) return 'Never'
+  if (!date) return i18n.global.t('common.time.never')
 
   const now = new Date()
   const past = new Date(date)
   const diffMs = now.getTime() - past.getTime()
 
   // 处理未来时间或无效日期
-  if (diffMs < 0 || isNaN(diffMs)) return 'Never'
+  if (diffMs < 0 || isNaN(diffMs)) return i18n.global.t('common.time.never')
 
   const diffSecs = Math.floor(diffMs / 1000)
   const diffMins = Math.floor(diffSecs / 60)
   const diffHours = Math.floor(diffMins / 60)
   const diffDays = Math.floor(diffHours / 24)
 
-  if (diffDays > 0) return `${diffDays}d ago`
-  if (diffHours > 0) return `${diffHours}h ago`
-  if (diffMins > 0) return `${diffMins}m ago`
-  return 'Just now'
+  if (diffDays > 0) return i18n.global.t('common.time.daysAgo', { n: diffDays })
+  if (diffHours > 0) return i18n.global.t('common.time.hoursAgo', { n: diffHours })
+  if (diffMins > 0) return i18n.global.t('common.time.minutesAgo', { n: diffMins })
+  return i18n.global.t('common.time.justNow')
 }
 
 /**

frontend/src/views/admin/AccountsView.vue

@@ -280,8 +280,7 @@
               <!-- 主要操作：编辑和删除（始终显示） -->
               <button
                 @click="handleEdit(row)"
-                class="rounded-lg p-2 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-primary-600 dark:hover:bg-dark-700 dark:hover:text-primary-400"
-                :title="t('common.edit')"
+                class="flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 rounded-lg p-1.5 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-primary-600 dark:hover:bg-dark-700 dark:hover:text-primary-400"
               >
                 <svg
                   class="h-4 w-4"
@@ -296,11 +295,11 @@
                     d="M16.862 4.487l1.687-1.688a1.875 1.875 0 112.652 2.652L10.582 16.07a4.5 4.5 0 01-1.897 1.13L6 18l.8-2.685a4.5 4.5 0 011.13-1.897l8.932-8.931zm0 0L19.5 7.125M18 14v4.75A2.25 2.25 0 0115.75 21H5.25A2.25 2.25 0 013 18.75V8.25A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 6H10"
                   />
                 </svg>
+                <span class="text-xs">{{ t('common.edit') }}</span>
               </button>
               <button
                 @click="handleDelete(row)"
-                class="rounded-lg p-2 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-red-50 hover:text-red-600 dark:hover:bg-red-900/20 dark:hover:text-red-400"
-                :title="t('common.delete')"
+                class="flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 rounded-lg p-1.5 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-red-50 hover:text-red-600 dark:hover:bg-red-900/20 dark:hover:text-red-400"
               >
                 <svg
                   class="h-4 w-4"
@@ -315,6 +314,7 @@
                     d="M14.74 9l-.346 9m-4.788 0L9.26 9m9.968-3.21c.342.052.682.107 1.022.166m-1.022-.165L18.16 19.673a2.25 2.25 0 01-2.244 2.077H8.084a2.25 2.25 0 01-2.244-2.077L4.772 5.79m14.456 0a48.108 48.108 0 00-3.478-.397m-12 .562c.34-.059.68-.114 1.022-.165m0 0a48.11 48.11 0 013.478-.397m7.5 0v-.916c0-1.18-.91-2.164-2.09-2.201a51.964 51.964 0 00-3.32 0c-1.18.037-2.09 1.022-2.09 2.201v.916m7.5 0a48.667 48.667 0 00-7.5 0"
                   />
                 </svg>
+                <span class="text-xs">{{ t('common.delete') }}</span>
               </button>
 
               <!-- 次要操作：展开时显示 -->
@@ -323,8 +323,7 @@
                 <button
                   v-if="row.status === 'error'"
                   @click="handleResetStatus(row)"
-                  class="rounded-lg p-2 text-red-500 transition-colors hover:bg-red-50 hover:text-red-600 dark:hover:bg-red-900/20 dark:hover:text-red-400"
-                  :title="t('admin.accounts.resetStatus')"
+                  class="flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 rounded-lg p-1.5 text-red-500 transition-colors hover:bg-red-50 hover:text-red-600 dark:hover:bg-red-900/20 dark:hover:text-red-400"
                 >
                 <svg
                   class="h-4 w-4"
@@ -339,13 +338,13 @@
                     d="M9 15L3 9m0 0l6-6M3 9h12a6 6 0 010 12h-3"
                   />
                 </svg>
+                <span class="text-xs">{{ t('admin.accounts.resetStatus') }}</span>
                 </button>
                 <!-- Clear Rate Limit button -->
                 <button
                   v-if="isRateLimited(row) || isOverloaded(row)"
                   @click="handleClearRateLimit(row)"
-                  class="rounded-lg p-2 text-amber-500 transition-colors hover:bg-amber-50 hover:text-amber-600 dark:hover:bg-amber-900/20 dark:hover:text-amber-400"
-                  :title="t('admin.accounts.clearRateLimit')"
+                  class="flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 rounded-lg p-1.5 text-amber-500 transition-colors hover:bg-amber-50 hover:text-amber-600 dark:hover:bg-amber-900/20 dark:hover:text-amber-400"
                 >
                   <svg
                     class="h-4 w-4"
@@ -360,12 +359,12 @@
                       d="M12 6v6h4.5m4.5 0a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0z"
                     />
                   </svg>
+                  <span class="text-xs">{{ t('admin.accounts.clearRateLimit') }}</span>
                 </button>
                 <!-- Test Connection button -->
                 <button
                   @click="handleTest(row)"
-                  class="rounded-lg p-2 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-green-50 hover:text-green-600 dark:hover:bg-green-900/20 dark:hover:text-green-400"
-                  :title="t('admin.accounts.testConnection')"
+                  class="flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 rounded-lg p-1.5 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-green-50 hover:text-green-600 dark:hover:bg-green-900/20 dark:hover:text-green-400"
                 >
                   <svg
                     class="h-4 w-4"
@@ -380,12 +379,12 @@
                       d="M5.25 5.653c0-.856.917-1.398 1.667-.986l11.54 6.347a1.125 1.125 0 010 1.972l-11.54 6.347a1.125 1.125 0 01-1.667-.986V5.653z"
                     />
                   </svg>
+                  <span class="text-xs">{{ t('admin.accounts.testConnection') }}</span>
                 </button>
                 <!-- View Stats button -->
                 <button
                   @click="handleViewStats(row)"
-                  class="rounded-lg p-2 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-indigo-50 hover:text-indigo-600 dark:hover:bg-indigo-900/20 dark:hover:text-indigo-400"
-                  :title="t('admin.accounts.viewStats')"
+                  class="flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 rounded-lg p-1.5 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-indigo-50 hover:text-indigo-600 dark:hover:bg-indigo-900/20 dark:hover:text-indigo-400"
                 >
                   <svg
                     class="h-4 w-4"
@@ -400,12 +399,12 @@
                       d="M3 13.125C3 12.504 3.504 12 4.125 12h2.25c.621 0 1.125.504 1.125 1.125v6.75C7.5 20.496 6.996 21 6.375 21h-2.25A1.125 1.125 0 013 19.875v-6.75zM9.75 8.625c0-.621.504-1.125 1.125-1.125h2.25c.621 0 1.125.504 1.125 1.125v11.25c0 .621-.504 1.125-1.125 1.125h-2.25a1.125 1.125 0 01-1.125-1.125V8.625zM16.5 4.125c0-.621.504-1.125 1.125-1.125h2.25C20.496 3 21 3.504 21 4.125v15.75c0 .621-.504 1.125-1.125 1.125h-2.25a1.125 1.125 0 01-1.125-1.125V4.125z"
                     />
                   </svg>
+                  <span class="text-xs">{{ t('admin.accounts.viewStats') }}</span>
                 </button>
                 <button
                   v-if="row.type === 'oauth' || row.type === 'setup-token'"
                   @click="handleReAuth(row)"
-                  class="rounded-lg p-2 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-blue-50 hover:text-blue-600 dark:hover:bg-blue-900/20 dark:hover:text-blue-400"
-                  :title="t('admin.accounts.reAuthorize')"
+                  class="flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 rounded-lg p-1.5 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-blue-50 hover:text-blue-600 dark:hover:bg-blue-900/20 dark:hover:text-blue-400"
                 >
                   <svg
                     class="h-4 w-4"
@@ -420,12 +419,12 @@
                       d="M13.19 8.688a4.5 4.5 0 011.242 7.244l-4.5 4.5a4.5 4.5 0 01-6.364-6.364l1.757-1.757m13.35-.622l1.757-1.757a4.5 4.5 0 00-6.364-6.364l-4.5 4.5a4.5 4.5 0 001.242 7.244"
                     />
                   </svg>
+                  <span class="text-xs">{{ t('admin.accounts.reAuthorize') }}</span>
                 </button>
                 <button
                   v-if="row.type === 'oauth' || row.type === 'setup-token'"
                   @click="handleRefreshToken(row)"
-                  class="rounded-lg p-2 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-purple-50 hover:text-purple-600 dark:hover:bg-purple-900/20 dark:hover:text-purple-400"
-                  :title="t('admin.accounts.refreshToken')"
+                  class="flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 rounded-lg p-1.5 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-purple-50 hover:text-purple-600 dark:hover:bg-purple-900/20 dark:hover:text-purple-400"
                 >
                   <svg
                     class="h-4 w-4"
@@ -440,6 +439,7 @@
                       d="M16.023 9.348h4.992v-.001M2.985 19.644v-4.992m0 0h4.992m-4.993 0l3.181 3.183a8.25 8.25 0 0013.803-3.7M4.031 9.865a8.25 8.25 0 0113.803-3.7l3.181 3.182m0-4.991v4.99"
                     />
                   </svg>
+                  <span class="text-xs">{{ t('admin.accounts.refreshToken') }}</span>
                 </button>
               </template>
             </div>

frontend/src/views/admin/GroupsView.vue

@@ -166,8 +166,7 @@
             <div class="flex items-center gap-1">
               <button
                 @click="handleEdit(row)"
-                class="rounded-lg p-2 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-primary-600 dark:hover:bg-dark-700 dark:hover:text-primary-400"
-                :title="t('common.edit')"
+                class="flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 rounded-lg p-1.5 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-primary-600 dark:hover:bg-dark-700 dark:hover:text-primary-400"
               >
                 <svg
                   class="h-4 w-4"
@@ -182,11 +181,11 @@
                     d="M16.862 4.487l1.687-1.688a1.875 1.875 0 112.652 2.652L10.582 16.07a4.5 4.5 0 01-1.897 1.13L6 18l.8-2.685a4.5 4.5 0 011.13-1.897l8.932-8.931zm0 0L19.5 7.125M18 14v4.75A2.25 2.25 0 0115.75 21H5.25A2.25 2.25 0 013 18.75V8.25A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 6H10"
                   />
                 </svg>
+                <span class="text-xs">{{ t('common.edit') }}</span>
               </button>
               <button
                 @click="handleDelete(row)"
-                class="rounded-lg p-2 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-red-50 hover:text-red-600 dark:hover:bg-red-900/20 dark:hover:text-red-400"
-                :title="t('common.delete')"
+                class="flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 rounded-lg p-1.5 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-red-50 hover:text-red-600 dark:hover:bg-red-900/20 dark:hover:text-red-400"
               >
                 <svg
                   class="h-4 w-4"
@@ -201,6 +200,7 @@
                     d="M14.74 9l-.346 9m-4.788 0L9.26 9m9.968-3.21c.342.052.682.107 1.022.166m-1.022-.165L18.16 19.673a2.25 2.25 0 01-2.244 2.077H8.084a2.25 2.25 0 01-2.244-2.077L4.772 5.79m14.456 0a48.108 48.108 0 00-3.478-.397m-12 .562c.34-.059.68-.114 1.022-.165m0 0a48.11 48.11 0 013.478-.397m7.5 0v-.916c0-1.18-.91-2.164-2.09-2.201a51.964 51.964 0 00-3.32 0c-1.18.037-2.09 1.022-2.09 2.201v.916m7.5 0a48.667 48.667 0 00-7.5 0"
                   />
                 </svg>
+                <span class="text-xs">{{ t('common.delete') }}</span>
               </button>
             </div>
           </template>

frontend/src/views/admin/ProxiesView.vue

@@ -112,8 +112,7 @@
               <button
                 @click="handleTestConnection(row)"
                 :disabled="testingProxyIds.has(row.id)"
-                class="rounded-lg p-2 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-emerald-50 hover:text-emerald-600 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50 dark:hover:bg-emerald-900/20 dark:hover:text-emerald-400"
-                :title="t('admin.proxies.testConnection')"
+                class="flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 rounded-lg p-1.5 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-emerald-50 hover:text-emerald-600 disabled:cursor-not-allowed disabled:opacity-50 dark:hover:bg-emerald-900/20 dark:hover:text-emerald-400"
               >
                 <svg
                   v-if="testingProxyIds.has(row.id)"
@@ -149,11 +148,11 @@
                     d="M9 12.75L11.25 15 15 9.75M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0z"
                   />
                 </svg>
+                <span class="text-xs">{{ t('admin.proxies.testConnection') }}</span>
               </button>
               <button
                 @click="handleEdit(row)"
-                class="rounded-lg p-2 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-primary-600 dark:hover:bg-dark-700 dark:hover:text-primary-400"
-                :title="t('common.edit')"
+                class="flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 rounded-lg p-1.5 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-gray-100 hover:text-primary-600 dark:hover:bg-dark-700 dark:hover:text-primary-400"
               >
                 <svg
                   class="h-4 w-4"
@@ -168,11 +167,11 @@
                     d="M16.862 4.487l1.687-1.688a1.875 1.875 0 112.652 2.652L10.582 16.07a4.5 4.5 0 01-1.897 1.13L6 18l.8-2.685a4.5 4.5 0 011.13-1.897l8.932-8.931zm0 0L19.5 7.125M18 14v4.75A2.25 2.25 0 0115.75 21H5.25A2.25 2.25 0 013 18.75V8.25A2.25 2.25 0 015.25 6H10"
                   />
                 </svg>
+                <span class="text-xs">{{ t('common.edit') }}</span>
               </button>
               <button
                 @click="handleDelete(row)"
-                class="rounded-lg p-2 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-red-50 hover:text-red-600 dark:hover:bg-red-900/20 dark:hover:text-red-400"
-                :title="t('common.delete')"
+                class="flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 rounded-lg p-1.5 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-red-50 hover:text-red-600 dark:hover:bg-red-900/20 dark:hover:text-red-400"
               >
                 <svg
                   class="h-4 w-4"
@@ -187,6 +186,7 @@
                     d="M14.74 9l-.346 9m-4.788 0L9.26 9m9.968-3.21c.342.052.682.107 1.022.166m-1.022-.165L18.16 19.673a2.25 2.25 0 01-2.244 2.077H8.084a2.25 2.25 0 01-2.244-2.077L4.772 5.79m14.456 0a48.108 48.108 0 00-3.478-.397m-12 .562c.34-.059.68-.114 1.022-.165m0 0a48.11 48.11 0 013.478-.397m7.5 0v-.916c0-1.18-.91-2.164-2.09-2.201a51.964 51.964 0 00-3.32 0c-1.18.037-2.09 1.022-2.09 2.201v.916m7.5 0a48.667 48.667 0 00-7.5 0"
                   />
                 </svg>
+                <span class="text-xs">{{ t('common.delete') }}</span>
               </button>
             </div>
           </template>

frontend/src/views/admin/RedeemView.vue

@@ -161,8 +161,7 @@
               <button
                 v-if="row.status === 'unused'"
                 @click="handleDelete(row)"
-                class="rounded-lg p-2 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-red-50 hover:text-red-600 dark:hover:bg-red-900/20 dark:hover:text-red-400"
-                :title="t('common.delete')"
+                class="flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 rounded-lg p-1.5 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-red-50 hover:text-red-600 dark:hover:bg-red-900/20 dark:hover:text-red-400"
               >
                 <svg class="h-4 w-4" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
                   <path
@@ -172,6 +171,7 @@
                     d="M19 7l-.867 12.142A2 2 0 0116.138 21H7.862a2 2 0 01-1.995-1.858L5 7m5 4v6m4-6v6m1-10V4a1 1 0 00-1-1h-4a1 1 0 00-1 1v3M4 7h16"
                   />
                 </svg>
+                <span class="text-xs">{{ t('common.delete') }}</span>
               </button>
               <span v-else class="text-gray-400 dark:text-dark-500">-</span>
             </div>

frontend/src/views/admin/SubscriptionsView.vue

@@ -257,8 +257,7 @@
               <button
                 v-if="row.status === 'active'"
                 @click="handleExtend(row)"
-                class="rounded-lg p-2 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-green-50 hover:text-green-600 dark:hover:bg-green-900/20 dark:hover:text-green-400"
-                :title="t('admin.subscriptions.extend')"
+                class="flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 rounded-lg p-1.5 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-green-50 hover:text-green-600 dark:hover:bg-green-900/20 dark:hover:text-green-400"
               >
                 <svg
                   class="h-4 w-4"
@@ -273,12 +272,12 @@
                     d="M12 6v6h4.5m4.5 0a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0z"
                   />
                 </svg>
+                <span class="text-xs">{{ t('admin.subscriptions.extend') }}</span>
               </button>
               <button
                 v-if="row.status === 'active'"
                 @click="handleRevoke(row)"
-                class="rounded-lg p-2 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-red-50 hover:text-red-600 dark:hover:bg-red-900/20 dark:hover:text-red-400"
-                :title="t('admin.subscriptions.revoke')"
+                class="flex flex-col items-center gap-0.5 rounded-lg p-1.5 text-gray-500 transition-colors hover:bg-red-50 hover:text-red-600 dark:hover:bg-red-900/20 dark:hover:text-red-400"
               >
                 <svg
                   class="h-4 w-4"
@@ -293,6 +292,7 @@
                     d="M18.364 18.364A9 9 0 005.636 5.636m12.728 12.728A9 9 0 015.636 5.636m12.728 12.728L5.636 5.636"
                   />
                 </svg>
+                <span class="text-xs">{{ t('admin.subscriptions.revoke') }}</span>
               </button>
             </div>
           </template>

frontend/src/views/admin/UsageView.vue

@@ -455,7 +455,11 @@
                 ${{ row.actual_cost.toFixed(6) }}
               </span>
               <!-- Cost Detail Tooltip -->
-              <div class="group relative">
+              <div
+                class="group relative"
+                @mouseenter="showTooltip($event, row)"
+                @mouseleave="hideTooltip"
+              >
                 <div
                   class="flex h-4 w-4 cursor-help items-center justify-center rounded-full bg-gray-100 transition-colors group-hover:bg-blue-100 dark:bg-gray-700 dark:group-hover:bg-blue-900/50"
                 >
@@ -471,60 +475,6 @@
                     />
                   </svg>
                 </div>
-                <!-- Tooltip Content (right side) -->
-                <div
-                  class="invisible absolute left-full top-1/2 z-[100] ml-2 -translate-y-1/2 opacity-0 transition-all duration-200 group-hover:visible group-hover:opacity-100"
-                >
-                  <div
-                    class="whitespace-nowrap rounded-lg border border-gray-700 bg-gray-900 px-3 py-2.5 text-xs text-white shadow-xl dark:border-gray-600 dark:bg-gray-800"
-                  >
-                    <div class="space-y-1.5">
-                      <!-- Cost Breakdown -->
-                      <div class="mb-2 border-b border-gray-700 pb-1.5">
-                        <div class="text-xs font-semibold text-gray-300 mb-1">成本明细</div>
-                        <div v-if="row.input_cost > 0" class="flex items-center justify-between gap-4">
-                          <span class="text-gray-400">{{ t('admin.usage.inputCost') }}</span>
-                          <span class="font-medium text-white">${{ row.input_cost.toFixed(6) }}</span>
-                        </div>
-                        <div v-if="row.output_cost > 0" class="flex items-center justify-between gap-4">
-                          <span class="text-gray-400">{{ t('admin.usage.outputCost') }}</span>
-                          <span class="font-medium text-white">${{ row.output_cost.toFixed(6) }}</span>
-                        </div>
-                        <div v-if="row.cache_creation_cost > 0" class="flex items-center justify-between gap-4">
-                          <span class="text-gray-400">{{ t('admin.usage.cacheCreationCost') }}</span>
-                          <span class="font-medium text-white">${{ row.cache_creation_cost.toFixed(6) }}</span>
-                        </div>
-                        <div v-if="row.cache_read_cost > 0" class="flex items-center justify-between gap-4">
-                          <span class="text-gray-400">{{ t('admin.usage.cacheReadCost') }}</span>
-                          <span class="font-medium text-white">${{ row.cache_read_cost.toFixed(6) }}</span>
-                        </div>
-                      </div>
-                      <!-- Rate and Summary -->
-                      <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-6">
-                        <span class="text-gray-400">{{ t('usage.rate') }}</span>
-                        <span class="font-semibold text-blue-400"
-                          >{{ (row.rate_multiplier || 1).toFixed(2) }}x</span
-                        >
-                      </div>
-                      <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-6">
-                        <span class="text-gray-400">{{ t('usage.original') }}</span>
-                        <span class="font-medium text-white">${{ row.total_cost.toFixed(6) }}</span>
-                      </div>
-                      <div
-                        class="flex items-center justify-between gap-6 border-t border-gray-700 pt-1.5"
-                      >
-                        <span class="text-gray-400">{{ t('usage.billed') }}</span>
-                        <span class="font-semibold text-green-400"
-                          >${{ row.actual_cost.toFixed(6) }}</span
-                        >
-                      </div>
-                    </div>
-                    <!-- Tooltip Arrow (left side) -->
-                    <div
-                      class="absolute right-full top-1/2 h-0 w-0 -translate-y-1/2 border-b-[6px] border-r-[6px] border-t-[6px] border-b-transparent border-r-gray-900 border-t-transparent dark:border-r-gray-800"
-                    ></div>
-                  </div>
-                </div>
               </div>
             </div>
           </template>
@@ -587,6 +537,66 @@
       />
     </div>
   </AppLayout>
+
+  <!-- Tooltip Portal -->
+  <Teleport to="body">
+    <div
+      v-if="tooltipVisible"
+      class="fixed z-[9999] pointer-events-none -translate-y-1/2"
+      :style="{
+        left: tooltipPosition.x + 'px',
+        top: tooltipPosition.y + 'px'
+      }"
+    >
+      <div
+        class="whitespace-nowrap rounded-lg border border-gray-700 bg-gray-900 px-3 py-2.5 text-xs text-white shadow-xl dark:border-gray-600 dark:bg-gray-800"
+      >
+        <div class="space-y-1.5">
+          <!-- Cost Breakdown -->
+          <div class="mb-2 border-b border-gray-700 pb-1.5">
+            <div class="text-xs font-semibold text-gray-300 mb-1">成本明细</div>
+            <div v-if="tooltipData && tooltipData.input_cost > 0" class="flex items-center justify-between gap-4">
+              <span class="text-gray-400">{{ t('admin.usage.inputCost') }}</span>
+              <span class="font-medium text-white">${{ tooltipData.input_cost.toFixed(6) }}</span>
+            </div>
+            <div v-if="tooltipData && tooltipData.output_cost > 0" class="flex items-center justify-between gap-4">
+              <span class="text-gray-400">{{ t('admin.usage.outputCost') }}</span>
+              <span class="font-medium text-white">${{ tooltipData.output_cost.toFixed(6) }}</span>
+            </div>
+            <div v-if="tooltipData && tooltipData.cache_creation_cost > 0" class="flex items-center justify-between gap-4">
+              <span class="text-gray-400">{{ t('admin.usage.cacheCreationCost') }}</span>
+              <span class="font-medium text-white">${{ tooltipData.cache_creation_cost.toFixed(6) }}</span>
+            </div>
+            <div v-if="tooltipData && tooltipData.cache_read_cost > 0" class="flex items-center justify-between gap-4">
+              <span class="text-gray-400">{{ t('admin.usage.cacheReadCost') }}</span>
+              <span class="font-medium text-white">${{ tooltipData.cache_read_cost.toFixed(6) }}</span>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <!-- Rate and Summary -->
+          <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-6">
+            <span class="text-gray-400">{{ t('usage.rate') }}</span>
+            <span class="font-semibold text-blue-400"
+              >{{ (tooltipData?.rate_multiplier || 1).toFixed(2) }}x</span
+            >
+          </div>
+          <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-6">
+            <span class="text-gray-400">{{ t('usage.original') }}</span>
+            <span class="font-medium text-white">${{ tooltipData?.total_cost.toFixed(6) }}</span>
+          </div>
+          <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-6 border-t border-gray-700 pt-1.5">
+            <span class="text-gray-400">{{ t('usage.billed') }}</span>
+            <span class="font-semibold text-green-400"
+              >${{ tooltipData?.actual_cost.toFixed(6) }}</span
+            >
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <!-- Tooltip Arrow (left side) -->
+        <div
+          class="absolute right-full top-1/2 h-0 w-0 -translate-y-1/2 border-b-[6px] border-r-[6px] border-t-[6px] border-b-transparent border-r-gray-900 border-t-transparent dark:border-r-gray-800"
+        ></div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </Teleport>
 </template>
 
 <script setup lang="ts">
@@ -615,6 +625,11 @@ import type {
 const { t } = useI18n()
 const appStore = useAppStore()
 
+// Tooltip state
+const tooltipVisible = ref(false)
+const tooltipPosition = ref({ x: 0, y: 0 })
+const tooltipData = ref<UsageLog | null>(null)
+
 // Usage stats from API
 const usageStats = ref<AdminUsageStatsResponse | null>(null)
 
@@ -1038,6 +1053,22 @@ const handleClickOutside = (event: MouseEvent) => {
   }
 }
 
+// Tooltip functions
+const showTooltip = (event: MouseEvent, row: UsageLog) => {
+  const target = event.currentTarget as HTMLElement
+  const rect = target.getBoundingClientRect()
+
+  tooltipData.value = row
+  tooltipPosition.value.x = rect.right + 8
+  tooltipPosition.value.y = rect.top + rect.height / 2
+  tooltipVisible.value = true
+}
+
+const hideTooltip = () => {
+  tooltipVisible.value = false
+  tooltipData.value = null
+}
+
 onMounted(() => {
   initializeDateRange()
   loadFilterOptions()