Merge pull request #3 from cyhhao/main

merge to main

backend/internal/handler/user_handler.go

@@ -47,9 +47,6 @@ func (h *UserHandler) GetProfile(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	// 清空notes字段，普通用户不应看到备注
-	userData.Notes = ""
-
 	response.Success(c, dto.UserFromService(userData))
 }
 
@@ -105,8 +102,5 @@ func (h *UserHandler) UpdateProfile(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	// 清空notes字段，普通用户不应看到备注
-	updatedUser.Notes = ""
-
 	response.Success(c, dto.UserFromService(updatedUser))
 }

backend/internal/handler/wire.go

@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ func ProvideHandlers(
 	gatewayHandler *GatewayHandler,
 	openaiGatewayHandler *OpenAIGatewayHandler,
 	settingHandler *SettingHandler,
+	totpHandler *TotpHandler,
 ) *Handlers {
 	return &Handlers{
 		Auth:          authHandler,
@@ -82,6 +83,7 @@ func ProvideHandlers(
 		Gateway:       gatewayHandler,
 		OpenAIGateway: openaiGatewayHandler,
 		Setting:       settingHandler,
+		Totp:          totpHandler,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -96,6 +98,7 @@ var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
 	NewSubscriptionHandler,
 	NewGatewayHandler,
 	NewOpenAIGatewayHandler,
+	NewTotpHandler,
 	ProvideSettingHandler,
 
 	// Admin handlers

backend/internal/middleware/rate_limiter_integration_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -88,6 +91,7 @@ func performRequest(router *gin.Engine) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
 
 func startRedis(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context) *redis.Client {
 	t.Helper()
+	ensureDockerAvailable(t)
 
 	redisContainer, err := tcredis.Run(ctx, redisImageTag)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -112,3 +116,43 @@ func startRedis(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context) *redis.Client {
 
 	return rdb
 }
+
+func ensureDockerAvailable(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if dockerAvailable() {
+		return
+	}
+	t.Skip("Docker 未启用，跳过依赖 testcontainers 的集成测试")
+}
+
+func dockerAvailable() bool {
+	if os.Getenv("DOCKER_HOST") != "" {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	socketCandidates := []string{
+		"/var/run/docker.sock",
+		filepath.Join(os.Getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR"), "docker.sock"),
+		filepath.Join(userHomeDir(), ".docker", "run", "docker.sock"),
+		filepath.Join(userHomeDir(), ".docker", "desktop", "docker.sock"),
+		filepath.Join("/run/user", strconv.Itoa(os.Getuid()), "docker.sock"),
+	}
+
+	for _, socket := range socketCandidates {
+		if socket == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, err := os.Stat(socket); err == nil {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func userHomeDir() string {
+	home, err := os.UserHomeDir()
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return home
+}

backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/client.go

@@ -16,15 +16,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 )
 
-// resolveHost 从 URL 解析 host
-func resolveHost(urlStr string) string {
-	parsed, err := url.Parse(urlStr)
-	if err != nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return parsed.Host
-}
-
 // NewAPIRequestWithURL 使用指定的 base URL 创建 Antigravity API 请求（v1internal 端点）
 func NewAPIRequestWithURL(ctx context.Context, baseURL, action, accessToken string, body []byte) (*http.Request, error) {
 	// 构建 URL，流式请求添加 ?alt=sse 参数
@@ -39,23 +30,11 @@ func NewAPIRequestWithURL(ctx context.Context, baseURL, action, accessToken stri
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	// 基础 Headers
+	// 基础 Headers（与 Antigravity-Manager 保持一致，只设置这 3 个）
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
 	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", UserAgent)
 
-	// Accept Header 根据请求类型设置
-	if isStream {
-		req.Header.Set("Accept", "text/event-stream")
-	} else {
-		req.Header.Set("Accept", "application/json")
-	}
-
-	// 显式设置 Host Header
-	if host := resolveHost(apiURL); host != "" {
-		req.Host = host
-	}
-
 	return req, nil
 }
 
@@ -195,12 +174,15 @@ func isConnectionError(err error) bool {
 }
 
 // shouldFallbackToNextURL 判断是否应切换到下一个 URL
-// 仅连接错误和 HTTP 429 触发 URL 降级
+// 与 Antigravity-Manager 保持一致：连接错误、429、408、404、5xx 触发 URL 降级
 func shouldFallbackToNextURL(err error, statusCode int) bool {
 	if isConnectionError(err) {
 		return true
 	}
-	return statusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests
+	return statusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests ||
+		statusCode == http.StatusRequestTimeout ||
+		statusCode == http.StatusNotFound ||
+		statusCode >= 500
 }
 
 // ExchangeCode 用 authorization code 交换 token
@@ -321,11 +303,8 @@ func (c *Client) LoadCodeAssist(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) (*LoadC
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("序列化请求失败: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// 获取可用的 URL 列表
-	availableURLs := DefaultURLAvailability.GetAvailableURLs()
-	if len(availableURLs) == 0 {
-		availableURLs = BaseURLs // 所有 URL 都不可用时，重试所有
-	}
+	// 固定顺序：prod -> daily
+	availableURLs := BaseURLs
 
 	var lastErr error
 	for urlIdx, baseURL := range availableURLs {
@@ -343,7 +322,6 @@ func (c *Client) LoadCodeAssist(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) (*LoadC
 		if err != nil {
 			lastErr = fmt.Errorf("loadCodeAssist 请求失败: %w", err)
 			if shouldFallbackToNextURL(err, 0) && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
-				DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
 				log.Printf("[antigravity] loadCodeAssist URL fallback: %s -> %s", baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1])
 				continue
 			}
@@ -358,7 +336,6 @@ func (c *Client) LoadCodeAssist(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) (*LoadC
 
 		// 检查是否需要 URL 降级
 		if shouldFallbackToNextURL(nil, resp.StatusCode) && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
-			DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
 			log.Printf("[antigravity] loadCodeAssist URL fallback (HTTP %d): %s -> %s", resp.StatusCode, baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1])
 			continue
 		}
@@ -376,6 +353,8 @@ func (c *Client) LoadCodeAssist(ctx context.Context, accessToken string) (*LoadC
 		var rawResp map[string]any
 		_ = json.Unmarshal(respBodyBytes, &rawResp)
 
+		// 标记成功的 URL，下次优先使用
+		DefaultURLAvailability.MarkSuccess(baseURL)
 		return &loadResp, rawResp, nil
 	}
 
@@ -412,11 +391,8 @@ func (c *Client) FetchAvailableModels(ctx context.Context, accessToken, projectI
 		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("序列化请求失败: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// 获取可用的 URL 列表
-	availableURLs := DefaultURLAvailability.GetAvailableURLs()
-	if len(availableURLs) == 0 {
-		availableURLs = BaseURLs // 所有 URL 都不可用时，重试所有
-	}
+	// 固定顺序：prod -> daily
+	availableURLs := BaseURLs
 
 	var lastErr error
 	for urlIdx, baseURL := range availableURLs {
@@ -434,7 +410,6 @@ func (c *Client) FetchAvailableModels(ctx context.Context, accessToken, projectI
 		if err != nil {
 			lastErr = fmt.Errorf("fetchAvailableModels 请求失败: %w", err)
 			if shouldFallbackToNextURL(err, 0) && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
-				DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
 				log.Printf("[antigravity] fetchAvailableModels URL fallback: %s -> %s", baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1])
 				continue
 			}
@@ -449,7 +424,6 @@ func (c *Client) FetchAvailableModels(ctx context.Context, accessToken, projectI
 
 		// 检查是否需要 URL 降级
 		if shouldFallbackToNextURL(nil, resp.StatusCode) && urlIdx < len(availableURLs)-1 {
-			DefaultURLAvailability.MarkUnavailable(baseURL)
 			log.Printf("[antigravity] fetchAvailableModels URL fallback (HTTP %d): %s -> %s", resp.StatusCode, baseURL, availableURLs[urlIdx+1])
 			continue
 		}
@@ -467,6 +441,8 @@ func (c *Client) FetchAvailableModels(ctx context.Context, accessToken, projectI
 		var rawResp map[string]any
 		_ = json.Unmarshal(respBodyBytes, &rawResp)
 
+		// 标记成功的 URL，下次优先使用
+		DefaultURLAvailability.MarkSuccess(baseURL)
 		return &modelsResp, rawResp, nil
 	}
 

backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/gemini_types.go

@@ -143,9 +143,10 @@ type GeminiResponse struct {
 
 // GeminiCandidate Gemini 候选响应
 type GeminiCandidate struct {
-	Content      *GeminiContent `json:"content,omitempty"`
-	FinishReason string         `json:"finishReason,omitempty"`
-	Index        int            `json:"index,omitempty"`
+	Content           *GeminiContent           `json:"content,omitempty"`
+	FinishReason      string                   `json:"finishReason,omitempty"`
+	Index             int                      `json:"index,omitempty"`
+	GroundingMetadata *GeminiGroundingMetadata `json:"groundingMetadata,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // GeminiUsageMetadata Gemini 用量元数据
@@ -156,6 +157,23 @@ type GeminiUsageMetadata struct {
 	TotalTokenCount         int `json:"totalTokenCount,omitempty"`
 }
 
+// GeminiGroundingMetadata Gemini grounding 元数据（Web Search）
+type GeminiGroundingMetadata struct {
+	WebSearchQueries []string               `json:"webSearchQueries,omitempty"`
+	GroundingChunks  []GeminiGroundingChunk `json:"groundingChunks,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// GeminiGroundingChunk Gemini grounding chunk
+type GeminiGroundingChunk struct {
+	Web *GeminiGroundingWeb `json:"web,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// GeminiGroundingWeb Gemini grounding web 信息
+type GeminiGroundingWeb struct {
+	Title string `json:"title,omitempty"`
+	URI   string `json:"uri,omitempty"`
+}
+
 // DefaultSafetySettings 默认安全设置（关闭所有过滤）
 var DefaultSafetySettings = []GeminiSafetySetting{
 	{Category: "HARM_CATEGORY_HARASSMENT", Threshold: "OFF"},

backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/oauth.go

@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ const (
 		"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cclog " +
 		"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/experimentsandconfigs"
 
-	// User-Agent（模拟官方客户端）
-	UserAgent = "antigravity/1.104.0 darwin/arm64"
+	// User-Agent（与 Antigravity-Manager 保持一致）
+	UserAgent = "antigravity/1.15.8 windows/amd64"
 
 	// Session 过期时间
 	SessionTTL = 30 * time.Minute
@@ -42,22 +42,21 @@ const (
 	URLAvailabilityTTL = 5 * time.Minute
 )
 
-// BaseURLs 定义 Antigravity API 端点，按优先级排序
-// fallback 顺序: sandbox → daily → prod
+// BaseURLs 定义 Antigravity API 端点（与 Antigravity-Manager 保持一致）
 var BaseURLs = []string{
-	"https://daily-cloudcode-pa.sandbox.googleapis.com", // sandbox
-	"https://daily-cloudcode-pa.googleapis.com",         // daily
-	"https://cloudcode-pa.googleapis.com",               // prod
+	"https://cloudcode-pa.googleapis.com",               // prod (优先)
+	"https://daily-cloudcode-pa.sandbox.googleapis.com", // daily sandbox (备用)
 }
 
 // BaseURL 默认 URL（保持向后兼容）
 var BaseURL = BaseURLs[0]
 
-// URLAvailability 管理 URL 可用性状态（带 TTL 自动恢复）
+// URLAvailability 管理 URL 可用性状态（带 TTL 自动恢复和动态优先级）
 type URLAvailability struct {
 	mu          sync.RWMutex
 	unavailable map[string]time.Time // URL -> 恢复时间
 	ttl         time.Duration
+	lastSuccess string // 最近成功请求的 URL，优先使用
 }
 
 // DefaultURLAvailability 全局 URL 可用性管理器
@@ -78,6 +77,15 @@ func (u *URLAvailability) MarkUnavailable(url string) {
 	u.unavailable[url] = time.Now().Add(u.ttl)
 }
 
+// MarkSuccess 标记 URL 请求成功，将其设为优先使用
+func (u *URLAvailability) MarkSuccess(url string) {
+	u.mu.Lock()
+	defer u.mu.Unlock()
+	u.lastSuccess = url
+	// 成功后清除该 URL 的不可用标记
+	delete(u.unavailable, url)
+}
+
 // IsAvailable 检查 URL 是否可用
 func (u *URLAvailability) IsAvailable(url string) bool {
 	u.mu.RLock()
@@ -89,14 +97,29 @@ func (u *URLAvailability) IsAvailable(url string) bool {
 	return time.Now().After(expiry)
 }
 
-// GetAvailableURLs 返回可用的 URL 列表（保持优先级顺序）
+// GetAvailableURLs 返回可用的 URL 列表
+// 最近成功的 URL 优先，其他按默认顺序
 func (u *URLAvailability) GetAvailableURLs() []string {
 	u.mu.RLock()
 	defer u.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	now := time.Now()
 	result := make([]string, 0, len(BaseURLs))
+
+	// 如果有最近成功的 URL 且可用，放在最前面
+	if u.lastSuccess != "" {
+		expiry, exists := u.unavailable[u.lastSuccess]
+		if !exists || now.After(expiry) {
+			result = append(result, u.lastSuccess)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 添加其他可用的 URL（按默认顺序）
 	for _, url := range BaseURLs {
+		// 跳过已添加的 lastSuccess
+		if url == u.lastSuccess {
+			continue
+		}
 		expiry, exists := u.unavailable[url]
 		if !exists || now.After(expiry) {
 			result = append(result, url)
@@ -240,24 +263,3 @@ func BuildAuthorizationURL(state, codeChallenge string) string {
 
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s?%s", AuthorizeURL, params.Encode())
 }
-
-// GenerateMockProjectID 生成随机 project_id（当 API 不返回时使用）
-// 格式：{形容词}-{名词}-{5位随机字符}
-func GenerateMockProjectID() string {
-	adjectives := []string{"useful", "bright", "swift", "calm", "bold"}
-	nouns := []string{"fuze", "wave", "spark", "flow", "core"}
-
-	randBytes, _ := GenerateRandomBytes(7)
-
-	adj := adjectives[int(randBytes[0])%len(adjectives)]
-	noun := nouns[int(randBytes[1])%len(nouns)]
-
-	// 生成 5 位随机字符（a-z0-9）
-	const charset = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"
-	suffix := make([]byte, 5)
-	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
-		suffix[i] = charset[int(randBytes[i+2])%len(charset)]
-	}
-
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s-%s", adj, noun, string(suffix))
-}

backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/request_transformer.go

@@ -7,13 +7,11 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"math/rand"
-	"os"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 )
 
@@ -54,6 +52,9 @@ func DefaultTransformOptions() TransformOptions {
 	}
 }
 
+// webSearchFallbackModel web_search 请求使用的降级模型
+const webSearchFallbackModel = "gemini-2.5-flash"
+
 // TransformClaudeToGemini 将 Claude 请求转换为 v1internal Gemini 格式
 func TransformClaudeToGemini(claudeReq *ClaudeRequest, projectID, mappedModel string) ([]byte, error) {
 	return TransformClaudeToGeminiWithOptions(claudeReq, projectID, mappedModel, DefaultTransformOptions())
@@ -64,12 +65,23 @@ func TransformClaudeToGeminiWithOptions(claudeReq *ClaudeRequest, projectID, map
 	// 用于存储 tool_use id -> name 映射
 	toolIDToName := make(map[string]string)
 
+	// 检测是否有 web_search 工具
+	hasWebSearchTool := hasWebSearchTool(claudeReq.Tools)
+	requestType := "agent"
+	targetModel := mappedModel
+	if hasWebSearchTool {
+		requestType = "web_search"
+		if targetModel != webSearchFallbackModel {
+			targetModel = webSearchFallbackModel
+		}
+	}
+
 	// 检测是否启用 thinking
 	isThinkingEnabled := claudeReq.Thinking != nil && claudeReq.Thinking.Type == "enabled"
 
 	// 只有 Gemini 模型支持 dummy thought workaround
 	// Claude 模型通过 Vertex/Google API 需要有效的 thought signatures
-	allowDummyThought := strings.HasPrefix(mappedModel, "gemini-")
+	allowDummyThought := strings.HasPrefix(targetModel, "gemini-")
 
 	// 1. 构建 contents
 	contents, strippedThinking, err := buildContents(claudeReq.Messages, toolIDToName, isThinkingEnabled, allowDummyThought)
@@ -78,7 +90,7 @@ func TransformClaudeToGeminiWithOptions(claudeReq *ClaudeRequest, projectID, map
 	}
 
 	// 2. 构建 systemInstruction
-	systemInstruction := buildSystemInstruction(claudeReq.System, claudeReq.Model, opts)
+	systemInstruction := buildSystemInstruction(claudeReq.System, claudeReq.Model, opts, claudeReq.Tools)
 
 	// 3. 构建 generationConfig
 	reqForConfig := claudeReq
@@ -89,6 +101,11 @@ func TransformClaudeToGeminiWithOptions(claudeReq *ClaudeRequest, projectID, map
 		reqCopy.Thinking = nil
 		reqForConfig = &reqCopy
 	}
+	if targetModel != "" && targetModel != reqForConfig.Model {
+		reqCopy := *reqForConfig
+		reqCopy.Model = targetModel
+		reqForConfig = &reqCopy
+	}
 	generationConfig := buildGenerationConfig(reqForConfig)
 
 	// 4. 构建 tools
@@ -127,8 +144,8 @@ func TransformClaudeToGeminiWithOptions(claudeReq *ClaudeRequest, projectID, map
 		Project:     projectID,
 		RequestID:   "agent-" + uuid.New().String(),
 		UserAgent:   "antigravity", // 固定值，与官方客户端一致
-		RequestType: "agent",
-		Model:       mappedModel,
+		RequestType: requestType,
+		Model:       targetModel,
 		Request:     innerRequest,
 	}
 
@@ -154,8 +171,40 @@ func GetDefaultIdentityPatch() string {
 	return antigravityIdentity
 }
 
-// buildSystemInstruction 构建 systemInstruction
-func buildSystemInstruction(system json.RawMessage, modelName string, opts TransformOptions) *GeminiContent {
+// mcpXMLProtocol MCP XML 工具调用协议（与 Antigravity-Manager 保持一致）
+const mcpXMLProtocol = `
+==== MCP XML 工具调用协议 (Workaround) ====
+当你需要调用名称以 ` + "`mcp__`" + ` 开头的 MCP 工具时：
+1) 优先尝试 XML 格式调用：输出 ` + "`<mcp__tool_name>{\"arg\":\"value\"}</mcp__tool_name>`" + `。
+2) 必须直接输出 XML 块，无需 markdown 包装，内容为 JSON 格式的入参。
+3) 这种方式具有更高的连通性和容错性，适用于大型结果返回场景。
+===========================================`
+
+// hasMCPTools 检测是否有 mcp__ 前缀的工具
+func hasMCPTools(tools []ClaudeTool) bool {
+	for _, tool := range tools {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(tool.Name, "mcp__") {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// filterOpenCodePrompt 过滤 OpenCode 默认提示词，只保留用户自定义指令
+func filterOpenCodePrompt(text string) string {
+	if !strings.Contains(text, "You are an interactive CLI tool") {
+		return text
+	}
+	// 提取 "Instructions from:" 及之后的部分
+	if idx := strings.Index(text, "Instructions from:"); idx >= 0 {
+		return text[idx:]
+	}
+	// 如果没有自定义指令，返回空
+	return ""
+}
+
+// buildSystemInstruction 构建 systemInstruction（与 Antigravity-Manager 保持一致）
+func buildSystemInstruction(system json.RawMessage, modelName string, opts TransformOptions, tools []ClaudeTool) *GeminiContent {
 	var parts []GeminiPart
 
 	// 先解析用户的 system prompt，检测是否已包含 Antigravity identity
@@ -167,10 +216,14 @@ func buildSystemInstruction(system json.RawMessage, modelName string, opts Trans
 		var sysStr string
 		if err := json.Unmarshal(system, &sysStr); err == nil {
 			if strings.TrimSpace(sysStr) != "" {
-				userSystemParts = append(userSystemParts, GeminiPart{Text: sysStr})
 				if strings.Contains(sysStr, "You are Antigravity") {
 					userHasAntigravityIdentity = true
 				}
+				// 过滤 OpenCode 默认提示词
+				filtered := filterOpenCodePrompt(sysStr)
+				if filtered != "" {
+					userSystemParts = append(userSystemParts, GeminiPart{Text: filtered})
+				}
 			}
 		} else {
 			// 尝试解析为数组
@@ -178,10 +231,14 @@ func buildSystemInstruction(system json.RawMessage, modelName string, opts Trans
 			if err := json.Unmarshal(system, &sysBlocks); err == nil {
 				for _, block := range sysBlocks {
 					if block.Type == "text" && strings.TrimSpace(block.Text) != "" {
-						userSystemParts = append(userSystemParts, GeminiPart{Text: block.Text})
 						if strings.Contains(block.Text, "You are Antigravity") {
 							userHasAntigravityIdentity = true
 						}
+						// 过滤 OpenCode 默认提示词
+						filtered := filterOpenCodePrompt(block.Text)
+						if filtered != "" {
+							userSystemParts = append(userSystemParts, GeminiPart{Text: filtered})
+						}
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -200,6 +257,16 @@ func buildSystemInstruction(system json.RawMessage, modelName string, opts Trans
 	// 添加用户的 system prompt
 	parts = append(parts, userSystemParts...)
 
+	// 检测是否有 MCP 工具，如有则注入 XML 调用协议
+	if hasMCPTools(tools) {
+		parts = append(parts, GeminiPart{Text: mcpXMLProtocol})
+	}
+
+	// 如果用户没有提供 Antigravity 身份，添加结束标记
+	if !userHasAntigravityIdentity {
+		parts = append(parts, GeminiPart{Text: "\n--- [SYSTEM_PROMPT_END] ---"})
+	}
+
 	if len(parts) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -300,8 +367,10 @@ func buildParts(content json.RawMessage, toolIDToName map[string]string, allowDu
 				Text:    block.Thinking,
 				Thought: true,
 			}
-			// 保留原有 signature（Claude 模型需要有效的 signature）
-			if block.Signature != "" {
+			// signature 处理：
+			// - Claude 模型（allowDummyThought=false）：必须是上游返回的真实 signature（dummy 视为缺失）
+			// - Gemini 模型（allowDummyThought=true）：优先透传真实 signature，缺失时使用 dummy signature
+			if block.Signature != "" && (allowDummyThought || block.Signature != dummyThoughtSignature) {
 				part.ThoughtSignature = block.Signature
 			} else if !allowDummyThought {
 				// Claude 模型需要有效 signature；在缺失时降级为普通文本，并在上层禁用 thinking mode。
@@ -340,12 +409,12 @@ func buildParts(content json.RawMessage, toolIDToName map[string]string, allowDu
 				},
 			}
 			// tool_use 的 signature 处理：
-			// - Gemini 模型：使用 dummy signature（跳过 thought_signature 校验）
-			// - Claude 模型：透传上游返回的真实 signature（Vertex/Google 需要完整签名链路）
-			if allowDummyThought {
-				part.ThoughtSignature = dummyThoughtSignature
-			} else if block.Signature != "" && block.Signature != dummyThoughtSignature {
+			// - Claude 模型（allowDummyThought=false）：必须是上游返回的真实 signature（dummy 视为缺失）
+			// - Gemini 模型（allowDummyThought=true）：优先透传真实 signature，缺失时使用 dummy signature
+			if block.Signature != "" && (allowDummyThought || block.Signature != dummyThoughtSignature) {
 				part.ThoughtSignature = block.Signature
+			} else if allowDummyThought {
+				part.ThoughtSignature = dummyThoughtSignature
 			}
 			parts = append(parts, part)
 
@@ -429,6 +498,11 @@ func buildGenerationConfig(req *ClaudeRequest) *GeminiGenerationConfig {
 		StopSequences:   DefaultStopSequences,
 	}
 
+	// 如果请求中指定了 MaxTokens，使用请求值
+	if req.MaxTokens > 0 {
+		config.MaxOutputTokens = req.MaxTokens
+	}
+
 	// Thinking 配置
 	if req.Thinking != nil && req.Thinking.Type == "enabled" {
 		config.ThinkingConfig = &GeminiThinkingConfig{
@@ -458,37 +532,43 @@ func buildGenerationConfig(req *ClaudeRequest) *GeminiGenerationConfig {
 	return config
 }
 
+func hasWebSearchTool(tools []ClaudeTool) bool {
+	for _, tool := range tools {
+		if isWebSearchTool(tool) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func isWebSearchTool(tool ClaudeTool) bool {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(tool.Type, "web_search") || tool.Type == "google_search" {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	name := strings.TrimSpace(tool.Name)
+	switch name {
+	case "web_search", "google_search", "web_search_20250305":
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
 // buildTools 构建 tools
 func buildTools(tools []ClaudeTool) []GeminiToolDeclaration {
 	if len(tools) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// 检查是否有 web_search 工具
-	hasWebSearch := false
-	for _, tool := range tools {
-		if tool.Name == "web_search" {
-			hasWebSearch = true
-			break
-		}
-	}
-
-	if hasWebSearch {
-		// Web Search 工具映射
-		return []GeminiToolDeclaration{{
-			GoogleSearch: &GeminiGoogleSearch{
-				EnhancedContent: &GeminiEnhancedContent{
-					ImageSearch: &GeminiImageSearch{
-						MaxResultCount: 5,
-					},
-				},
-			},
-		}}
-	}
+	hasWebSearch := hasWebSearchTool(tools)
 
 	// 普通工具
 	var funcDecls []GeminiFunctionDecl
 	for _, tool := range tools {
+		if isWebSearchTool(tool) {
+			continue
+		}
 		// 跳过无效工具名称
 		if strings.TrimSpace(tool.Name) == "" {
 			log.Printf("Warning: skipping tool with empty name")
@@ -514,11 +594,14 @@ func buildTools(tools []ClaudeTool) []GeminiToolDeclaration {
 		}
 
 		// 清理 JSON Schema
-		params := cleanJSONSchema(inputSchema)
+		// 1. 深度清理 [undefined] 值
+		DeepCleanUndefined(inputSchema)
+		// 2. 转换为符合 Gemini v1internal 的 schema
+		params := CleanJSONSchema(inputSchema)
 		// 为 nil schema 提供默认值
 		if params == nil {
 			params = map[string]any{
-				"type":       "OBJECT",
+				"type":       "object", // lowercase type
 				"properties": map[string]any{},
 			}
 		}
@@ -531,243 +614,23 @@ func buildTools(tools []ClaudeTool) []GeminiToolDeclaration {
 	}
 
 	if len(funcDecls) == 0 {
-		return nil
+		if !hasWebSearch {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		// Web Search 工具映射
+		return []GeminiToolDeclaration{{
+			GoogleSearch: &GeminiGoogleSearch{
+				EnhancedContent: &GeminiEnhancedContent{
+					ImageSearch: &GeminiImageSearch{
+						MaxResultCount: 5,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		}}
 	}
 
 	return []GeminiToolDeclaration{{
 		FunctionDeclarations: funcDecls,
 	}}
 }
-
-// cleanJSONSchema 清理 JSON Schema，移除 Antigravity/Gemini 不支持的字段
-// 参考 proxycast 的实现，确保 schema 符合 JSON Schema draft 2020-12
-func cleanJSONSchema(schema map[string]any) map[string]any {
-	if schema == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	cleaned := cleanSchemaValue(schema, "$")
-	result, ok := cleaned.(map[string]any)
-	if !ok {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	// 确保有 type 字段（默认 OBJECT）
-	if _, hasType := result["type"]; !hasType {
-		result["type"] = "OBJECT"
-	}
-
-	// 确保有 properties 字段（默认空对象）
-	if _, hasProps := result["properties"]; !hasProps {
-		result["properties"] = make(map[string]any)
-	}
-
-	// 验证 required 中的字段都存在于 properties 中
-	if required, ok := result["required"].([]any); ok {
-		if props, ok := result["properties"].(map[string]any); ok {
-			validRequired := make([]any, 0, len(required))
-			for _, r := range required {
-				if reqName, ok := r.(string); ok {
-					if _, exists := props[reqName]; exists {
-						validRequired = append(validRequired, r)
-					}
-				}
-			}
-			if len(validRequired) > 0 {
-				result["required"] = validRequired
-			} else {
-				delete(result, "required")
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return result
-}
-
-var schemaValidationKeys = map[string]bool{
-	"minLength":         true,
-	"maxLength":         true,
-	"pattern":           true,
-	"minimum":           true,
-	"maximum":           true,
-	"exclusiveMinimum":  true,
-	"exclusiveMaximum":  true,
-	"multipleOf":        true,
-	"uniqueItems":       true,
-	"minItems":          true,
-	"maxItems":          true,
-	"minProperties":     true,
-	"maxProperties":     true,
-	"patternProperties": true,
-	"propertyNames":     true,
-	"dependencies":      true,
-	"dependentSchemas":  true,
-	"dependentRequired": true,
-}
-
-var warnedSchemaKeys sync.Map
-
-func schemaCleaningWarningsEnabled() bool {
-	// 可通过环境变量强制开关，方便排查：SUB2API_SCHEMA_CLEAN_WARN=true/false
-	if v := strings.TrimSpace(os.Getenv("SUB2API_SCHEMA_CLEAN_WARN")); v != "" {
-		switch strings.ToLower(v) {
-		case "1", "true", "yes", "on":
-			return true
-		case "0", "false", "no", "off":
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	// 默认：非 release 模式下输出（debug/test）
-	return gin.Mode() != gin.ReleaseMode
-}
-
-func warnSchemaKeyRemovedOnce(key, path string) {
-	if !schemaCleaningWarningsEnabled() {
-		return
-	}
-	if !schemaValidationKeys[key] {
-		return
-	}
-	if _, loaded := warnedSchemaKeys.LoadOrStore(key, struct{}{}); loaded {
-		return
-	}
-	log.Printf("[SchemaClean] removed unsupported JSON Schema validation field key=%q path=%q", key, path)
-}
-
-// excludedSchemaKeys 不支持的 schema 字段
-// 基于 Claude API (Vertex AI) 的实际支持情况
-// 支持: type, description, enum, properties, required, additionalProperties, items
-// 不支持: minItems, maxItems, minLength, maxLength, pattern, minimum, maximum 等验证字段
-var excludedSchemaKeys = map[string]bool{
-	// 元 schema 字段
-	"$schema": true,
-	"$id":     true,
-	"$ref":    true,
-
-	// 字符串验证（Gemini 不支持）
-	"minLength": true,
-	"maxLength": true,
-	"pattern":   true,
-
-	// 数字验证（Claude API 通过 Vertex AI 不支持这些字段）
-	"minimum":          true,
-	"maximum":          true,
-	"exclusiveMinimum": true,
-	"exclusiveMaximum": true,
-	"multipleOf":       true,
-
-	// 数组验证（Claude API 通过 Vertex AI 不支持这些字段）
-	"uniqueItems": true,
-	"minItems":    true,
-	"maxItems":    true,
-
-	// 组合 schema（Gemini 不支持）
-	"oneOf":       true,
-	"anyOf":       true,
-	"allOf":       true,
-	"not":         true,
-	"if":          true,
-	"then":        true,
-	"else":        true,
-	"$defs":       true,
-	"definitions": true,
-
-	// 对象验证（仅保留 properties/required/additionalProperties）
-	"minProperties":     true,
-	"maxProperties":     true,
-	"patternProperties": true,
-	"propertyNames":     true,
-	"dependencies":      true,
-	"dependentSchemas":  true,
-	"dependentRequired": true,
-
-	// 其他不支持的字段
-	"default":          true,
-	"const":            true,
-	"examples":         true,
-	"deprecated":       true,
-	"readOnly":         true,
-	"writeOnly":        true,
-	"contentMediaType": true,
-	"contentEncoding":  true,
-
-	// Claude 特有字段
-	"strict": true,
-}
-
-// cleanSchemaValue 递归清理 schema 值
-func cleanSchemaValue(value any, path string) any {
-	switch v := value.(type) {
-	case map[string]any:
-		result := make(map[string]any)
-		for k, val := range v {
-			// 跳过不支持的字段
-			if excludedSchemaKeys[k] {
-				warnSchemaKeyRemovedOnce(k, path)
-				continue
-			}
-
-			// 特殊处理 type 字段
-			if k == "type" {
-				result[k] = cleanTypeValue(val)
-				continue
-			}
-
-			// 特殊处理 format 字段：只保留 Gemini 支持的 format 值
-			if k == "format" {
-				if formatStr, ok := val.(string); ok {
-					// Gemini 只支持 date-time, date, time
-					if formatStr == "date-time" || formatStr == "date" || formatStr == "time" {
-						result[k] = val
-					}
-					// 其他 format 值直接跳过
-				}
-				continue
-			}
-
-			// 特殊处理 additionalProperties：Claude API 只支持布尔值，不支持 schema 对象
-			if k == "additionalProperties" {
-				if boolVal, ok := val.(bool); ok {
-					result[k] = boolVal
-				} else {
-					// 如果是 schema 对象，转换为 false（更安全的默认值）
-					result[k] = false
-				}
-				continue
-			}
-
-			// 递归清理所有值
-			result[k] = cleanSchemaValue(val, path+"."+k)
-		}
-		return result
-
-	case []any:
-		// 递归处理数组中的每个元素
-		cleaned := make([]any, 0, len(v))
-		for i, item := range v {
-			cleaned = append(cleaned, cleanSchemaValue(item, fmt.Sprintf("%s[%d]", path, i)))
-		}
-		return cleaned
-
-	default:
-		return value
-	}
-}
-
-// cleanTypeValue 处理 type 字段，转换为大写
-func cleanTypeValue(value any) any {
-	switch v := value.(type) {
-	case string:
-		return strings.ToUpper(v)
-	case []any:
-		// 联合类型 ["string", "null"] -> 取第一个非 null 类型
-		for _, t := range v {
-			if ts, ok := t.(string); ok && ts != "null" {
-				return strings.ToUpper(ts)
-			}
-		}
-		// 如果只有 null，返回 STRING
-		return "STRING"
-	default:
-		return value
-	}
-}

backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/request_transformer_test.go

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ func TestBuildParts_ToolUseSignatureHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		{"type": "tool_use", "id": "t1", "name": "Bash", "input": {"command": "ls"}, "signature": "sig_tool_abc"}
 	]`
 
-	t.Run("Gemini uses dummy tool_use signature", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Gemini preserves provided tool_use signature", func(t *testing.T) {
 		toolIDToName := make(map[string]string)
 		parts, _, err := buildParts(json.RawMessage(content), toolIDToName, true)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -109,6 +109,23 @@ func TestBuildParts_ToolUseSignatureHandling(t *testing.T) {
 		if len(parts) != 1 || parts[0].FunctionCall == nil {
 			t.Fatalf("expected 1 functionCall part, got %+v", parts)
 		}
+		if parts[0].ThoughtSignature != "sig_tool_abc" {
+			t.Fatalf("expected preserved tool signature %q, got %q", "sig_tool_abc", parts[0].ThoughtSignature)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Gemini falls back to dummy tool_use signature when missing", func(t *testing.T) {
+		contentNoSig := `[
+			{"type": "tool_use", "id": "t1", "name": "Bash", "input": {"command": "ls"}}
+		]`
+		toolIDToName := make(map[string]string)
+		parts, _, err := buildParts(json.RawMessage(contentNoSig), toolIDToName, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("buildParts() error = %v", err)
+		}
+		if len(parts) != 1 || parts[0].FunctionCall == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected 1 functionCall part, got %+v", parts)
+		}
 		if parts[0].ThoughtSignature != dummyThoughtSignature {
 			t.Fatalf("expected dummy tool signature %q, got %q", dummyThoughtSignature, parts[0].ThoughtSignature)
 		}

backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/response_transformer.go

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package antigravity
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"strings"
 )
 
 // TransformGeminiToClaude 将 Gemini 响应转换为 Claude 格式（非流式）
@@ -18,6 +20,15 @@ func TransformGeminiToClaude(geminiResp []byte, originalModel string) ([]byte, *
 		v1Resp.Response = directResp
 		v1Resp.ResponseID = directResp.ResponseID
 		v1Resp.ModelVersion = directResp.ModelVersion
+	} else if len(v1Resp.Response.Candidates) == 0 {
+		// 第一次解析成功但 candidates 为空，说明是直接的 GeminiResponse 格式
+		var directResp GeminiResponse
+		if err2 := json.Unmarshal(geminiResp, &directResp); err2 != nil {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("parse gemini response as direct: %w", err2)
+		}
+		v1Resp.Response = directResp
+		v1Resp.ResponseID = directResp.ResponseID
+		v1Resp.ModelVersion = directResp.ModelVersion
 	}
 
 	// 使用处理器转换
@@ -63,6 +74,12 @@ func (p *NonStreamingProcessor) Process(geminiResp *GeminiResponse, responseID,
 		p.processPart(&part)
 	}
 
+	if len(geminiResp.Candidates) > 0 {
+		if grounding := geminiResp.Candidates[0].GroundingMetadata; grounding != nil {
+			p.processGrounding(grounding)
+		}
+	}
+
 	// 刷新剩余内容
 	p.flushThinking()
 	p.flushText()
@@ -166,16 +183,20 @@ func (p *NonStreamingProcessor) processPart(part *GeminiPart) {
 				p.trailingSignature = ""
 			}
 
-			p.textBuilder += part.Text
-
-			// 非空 text 带签名 - 立即刷新并输出空 thinking 块
+			// 非空 text 带签名 - 特殊处理：先输出 text，再输出空 thinking 块
 			if signature != "" {
-				p.flushText()
+				p.contentBlocks = append(p.contentBlocks, ClaudeContentItem{
+					Type: "text",
+					Text: part.Text,
+				})
 				p.contentBlocks = append(p.contentBlocks, ClaudeContentItem{
 					Type:      "thinking",
 					Thinking:  "",
 					Signature: signature,
 				})
+			} else {
+				// 普通 text (无签名) - 累积到 builder
+				p.textBuilder += part.Text
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -190,6 +211,18 @@ func (p *NonStreamingProcessor) processPart(part *GeminiPart) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (p *NonStreamingProcessor) processGrounding(grounding *GeminiGroundingMetadata) {
+	groundingText := buildGroundingText(grounding)
+	if groundingText == "" {
+		return
+	}
+
+	p.flushThinking()
+	p.flushText()
+	p.textBuilder += groundingText
+	p.flushText()
+}
+
 // flushText 刷新 text builder
 func (p *NonStreamingProcessor) flushText() {
 	if p.textBuilder == "" {
@@ -223,6 +256,14 @@ func (p *NonStreamingProcessor) buildResponse(geminiResp *GeminiResponse, respon
 	var finishReason string
 	if len(geminiResp.Candidates) > 0 {
 		finishReason = geminiResp.Candidates[0].FinishReason
+		if finishReason == "MALFORMED_FUNCTION_CALL" {
+			log.Printf("[Antigravity] MALFORMED_FUNCTION_CALL detected in response for model %s", originalModel)
+			if geminiResp.Candidates[0].Content != nil {
+				if b, err := json.Marshal(geminiResp.Candidates[0].Content); err == nil {
+					log.Printf("[Antigravity] Malformed content: %s", string(b))
+				}
+			}
+		}
 	}
 
 	stopReason := "end_turn"
@@ -262,6 +303,44 @@ func (p *NonStreamingProcessor) buildResponse(geminiResp *GeminiResponse, respon
 	}
 }
 
+func buildGroundingText(grounding *GeminiGroundingMetadata) string {
+	if grounding == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	var builder strings.Builder
+
+	if len(grounding.WebSearchQueries) > 0 {
+		_, _ = builder.WriteString("\n\n---\nWeb search queries: ")
+		_, _ = builder.WriteString(strings.Join(grounding.WebSearchQueries, ", "))
+	}
+
+	if len(grounding.GroundingChunks) > 0 {
+		var links []string
+		for i, chunk := range grounding.GroundingChunks {
+			if chunk.Web == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			title := strings.TrimSpace(chunk.Web.Title)
+			if title == "" {
+				title = "Source"
+			}
+			uri := strings.TrimSpace(chunk.Web.URI)
+			if uri == "" {
+				uri = "#"
+			}
+			links = append(links, fmt.Sprintf("[%d] [%s](%s)", i+1, title, uri))
+		}
+
+		if len(links) > 0 {
+			_, _ = builder.WriteString("\n\nSources:\n")
+			_, _ = builder.WriteString(strings.Join(links, "\n"))
+		}
+	}
+
+	return builder.String()
+}
+
 // generateRandomID 生成随机 ID
 func generateRandomID() string {
 	const chars = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"

backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/schema_cleaner.go

+package antigravity
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// CleanJSONSchema 清理 JSON Schema，移除 Antigravity/Gemini 不支持的字段
+// 参考 Antigravity-Manager/src-tauri/src/proxy/common/json_schema.rs 实现
+// 确保 schema 符合 JSON Schema draft 2020-12 且适配 Gemini v1internal
+func CleanJSONSchema(schema map[string]any) map[string]any {
+	if schema == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// 0. 预处理：展开 $ref (Schema Flattening)
+	// (Go map 是引用的，直接修改 schema)
+	flattenRefs(schema, extractDefs(schema))
+
+	// 递归清理
+	cleaned := cleanJSONSchemaRecursive(schema)
+	result, ok := cleaned.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
+// extractDefs 提取并移除定义的 helper
+func extractDefs(schema map[string]any) map[string]any {
+	defs := make(map[string]any)
+	if d, ok := schema["$defs"].(map[string]any); ok {
+		for k, v := range d {
+			defs[k] = v
+		}
+		delete(schema, "$defs")
+	}
+	if d, ok := schema["definitions"].(map[string]any); ok {
+		for k, v := range d {
+			defs[k] = v
+		}
+		delete(schema, "definitions")
+	}
+	return defs
+}
+
+// flattenRefs 递归展开 $ref
+func flattenRefs(schema map[string]any, defs map[string]any) {
+	if len(defs) == 0 {
+		return // 无需展开
+	}
+
+	// 检查并替换 $ref
+	if ref, ok := schema["$ref"].(string); ok {
+		delete(schema, "$ref")
+		// 解析引用名 (例如 #/$defs/MyType -> MyType)
+		parts := strings.Split(ref, "/")
+		refName := parts[len(parts)-1]
+
+		if defSchema, exists := defs[refName]; exists {
+			if defMap, ok := defSchema.(map[string]any); ok {
+				// 合并定义内容 (不覆盖现有 key)
+				for k, v := range defMap {
+					if _, has := schema[k]; !has {
+						schema[k] = deepCopy(v) // 需深拷贝避免共享引用
+					}
+				}
+				// 递归处理刚刚合并进来的内容
+				flattenRefs(schema, defs)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 遍历子节点
+	for _, v := range schema {
+		if subMap, ok := v.(map[string]any); ok {
+			flattenRefs(subMap, defs)
+		} else if subArr, ok := v.([]any); ok {
+			for _, item := range subArr {
+				if itemMap, ok := item.(map[string]any); ok {
+					flattenRefs(itemMap, defs)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// deepCopy 深拷贝 (简单实现，仅针对 JSON 类型)
+func deepCopy(src any) any {
+	if src == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	switch v := src.(type) {
+	case map[string]any:
+		dst := make(map[string]any)
+		for k, val := range v {
+			dst[k] = deepCopy(val)
+		}
+		return dst
+	case []any:
+		dst := make([]any, len(v))
+		for i, val := range v {
+			dst[i] = deepCopy(val)
+		}
+		return dst
+	default:
+		return src
+	}
+}
+
+// cleanJSONSchemaRecursive 递归核心清理逻辑
+// 返回处理后的值 (通常是 input map，但可能修改内部结构)
+func cleanJSONSchemaRecursive(value any) any {
+	schemaMap, ok := value.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return value
+	}
+
+	// 0. [NEW] 合并 allOf
+	mergeAllOf(schemaMap)
+
+	// 1. [CRITICAL] 深度递归处理子项
+	if props, ok := schemaMap["properties"].(map[string]any); ok {
+		for _, v := range props {
+			cleanJSONSchemaRecursive(v)
+		}
+		// Go 中不需要像 Rust 那样显式处理 nullable_keys remove required，
+		// 因为我们在子项处理中会正确设置 type 和 description
+	} else if items, ok := schemaMap["items"]; ok {
+		// [FIX] Gemini 期望 "items" 是单个 Schema 对象（列表验证），而不是数组（元组验证）。
+		if itemsArr, ok := items.([]any); ok {
+			// 策略：将元组 [A, B] 视为 A、B 中的最佳匹配项。
+			best := extractBestSchemaFromUnion(itemsArr)
+			if best == nil {
+				// 回退到通用字符串
+				best = map[string]any{"type": "string"}
+			}
+			// 用处理后的对象替换原有数组
+			cleanedBest := cleanJSONSchemaRecursive(best)
+			schemaMap["items"] = cleanedBest
+		} else {
+			cleanJSONSchemaRecursive(items)
+		}
+	} else {
+		// 遍历所有值递归
+		for _, v := range schemaMap {
+			if _, isMap := v.(map[string]any); isMap {
+				cleanJSONSchemaRecursive(v)
+			} else if arr, isArr := v.([]any); isArr {
+				for _, item := range arr {
+					cleanJSONSchemaRecursive(item)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 2. [FIX] 处理 anyOf/oneOf 联合类型: 合并属性而非直接删除
+	var unionArray []any
+	typeStr, _ := schemaMap["type"].(string)
+	if typeStr == "" || typeStr == "object" {
+		if anyOf, ok := schemaMap["anyOf"].([]any); ok {
+			unionArray = anyOf
+		} else if oneOf, ok := schemaMap["oneOf"].([]any); ok {
+			unionArray = oneOf
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(unionArray) > 0 {
+		if bestBranch := extractBestSchemaFromUnion(unionArray); bestBranch != nil {
+			if bestMap, ok := bestBranch.(map[string]any); ok {
+				// 合并分支内容
+				for k, v := range bestMap {
+					if k == "properties" {
+						targetProps, _ := schemaMap["properties"].(map[string]any)
+						if targetProps == nil {
+							targetProps = make(map[string]any)
+							schemaMap["properties"] = targetProps
+						}
+						if sourceProps, ok := v.(map[string]any); ok {
+							for pk, pv := range sourceProps {
+								if _, exists := targetProps[pk]; !exists {
+									targetProps[pk] = deepCopy(pv)
+								}
+							}
+						}
+					} else if k == "required" {
+						targetReq, _ := schemaMap["required"].([]any)
+						if sourceReq, ok := v.([]any); ok {
+							for _, rv := range sourceReq {
+								// 简单的去重添加
+								exists := false
+								for _, tr := range targetReq {
+									if tr == rv {
+										exists = true
+										break
+									}
+								}
+								if !exists {
+									targetReq = append(targetReq, rv)
+								}
+							}
+							schemaMap["required"] = targetReq
+						}
+					} else if _, exists := schemaMap[k]; !exists {
+						schemaMap[k] = deepCopy(v)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 3. [SAFETY] 检查当前对象是否为 JSON Schema 节点
+	looksLikeSchema := hasKey(schemaMap, "type") ||
+		hasKey(schemaMap, "properties") ||
+		hasKey(schemaMap, "items") ||
+		hasKey(schemaMap, "enum") ||
+		hasKey(schemaMap, "anyOf") ||
+		hasKey(schemaMap, "oneOf") ||
+		hasKey(schemaMap, "allOf")
+
+	if looksLikeSchema {
+		// 4. [ROBUST] 约束迁移
+		migrateConstraints(schemaMap)
+
+		// 5. [CRITICAL] 白名单过滤
+		allowedFields := map[string]bool{
+			"type":        true,
+			"description": true,
+			"properties":  true,
+			"required":    true,
+			"items":       true,
+			"enum":        true,
+			"title":       true,
+		}
+		for k := range schemaMap {
+			if !allowedFields[k] {
+				delete(schemaMap, k)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// 6. [SAFETY] 处理空 Object
+		if t, _ := schemaMap["type"].(string); t == "object" {
+			hasProps := false
+			if props, ok := schemaMap["properties"].(map[string]any); ok && len(props) > 0 {
+				hasProps = true
+			}
+			if !hasProps {
+				schemaMap["properties"] = map[string]any{
+					"reason": map[string]any{
+						"type":        "string",
+						"description": "Reason for calling this tool",
+					},
+				}
+				schemaMap["required"] = []any{"reason"}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// 7. [SAFETY] Required 字段对齐
+		if props, ok := schemaMap["properties"].(map[string]any); ok {
+			if req, ok := schemaMap["required"].([]any); ok {
+				var validReq []any
+				for _, r := range req {
+					if rStr, ok := r.(string); ok {
+						if _, exists := props[rStr]; exists {
+							validReq = append(validReq, r)
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				if len(validReq) > 0 {
+					schemaMap["required"] = validReq
+				} else {
+					delete(schemaMap, "required")
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// 8. 处理 type 字段 (Lowercase + Nullable 提取)
+		isEffectivelyNullable := false
+		if typeVal, exists := schemaMap["type"]; exists {
+			var selectedType string
+			switch v := typeVal.(type) {
+			case string:
+				lower := strings.ToLower(v)
+				if lower == "null" {
+					isEffectivelyNullable = true
+					selectedType = "string" // fallback
+				} else {
+					selectedType = lower
+				}
+			case []any:
+				// ["string", "null"]
+				for _, t := range v {
+					if ts, ok := t.(string); ok {
+						lower := strings.ToLower(ts)
+						if lower == "null" {
+							isEffectivelyNullable = true
+						} else if selectedType == "" {
+							selectedType = lower
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				if selectedType == "" {
+					selectedType = "string"
+				}
+			}
+			schemaMap["type"] = selectedType
+		} else {
+			// 默认 object 如果有 properties (虽然上面白名单过滤可能删了 type 如果它不在... 但 type 必在 allowlist)
+			// 如果没有 type，但有 properties，补一个
+			if hasKey(schemaMap, "properties") {
+				schemaMap["type"] = "object"
+			} else {
+				// 默认为 string ? or object? Gemini 通常需要明确 type
+				schemaMap["type"] = "object"
+			}
+		}
+
+		if isEffectivelyNullable {
+			desc, _ := schemaMap["description"].(string)
+			if !strings.Contains(desc, "nullable") {
+				if desc != "" {
+					desc += " "
+				}
+				desc += "(nullable)"
+				schemaMap["description"] = desc
+			}
+		}
+
+		// 9. Enum 值强制转字符串
+		if enumVals, ok := schemaMap["enum"].([]any); ok {
+			hasNonString := false
+			for i, val := range enumVals {
+				if _, isStr := val.(string); !isStr {
+					hasNonString = true
+					if val == nil {
+						enumVals[i] = "null"
+					} else {
+						enumVals[i] = fmt.Sprintf("%v", val)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			// If we mandated string values, we must ensure type is string
+			if hasNonString {
+				schemaMap["type"] = "string"
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return schemaMap
+}
+
+func hasKey(m map[string]any, k string) bool {
+	_, ok := m[k]
+	return ok
+}
+
+func migrateConstraints(m map[string]any) {
+	constraints := []struct {
+		key   string
+		label string
+	}{
+		{"minLength", "minLen"},
+		{"maxLength", "maxLen"},
+		{"pattern", "pattern"},
+		{"minimum", "min"},
+		{"maximum", "max"},
+		{"multipleOf", "multipleOf"},
+		{"exclusiveMinimum", "exclMin"},
+		{"exclusiveMaximum", "exclMax"},
+		{"minItems", "minItems"},
+		{"maxItems", "maxItems"},
+		{"propertyNames", "propertyNames"},
+		{"format", "format"},
+	}
+
+	var hints []string
+	for _, c := range constraints {
+		if val, ok := m[c.key]; ok && val != nil {
+			hints = append(hints, fmt.Sprintf("%s: %v", c.label, val))
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(hints) > 0 {
+		suffix := fmt.Sprintf(" [Constraint: %s]", strings.Join(hints, ", "))
+		desc, _ := m["description"].(string)
+		if !strings.Contains(desc, suffix) {
+			m["description"] = desc + suffix
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// mergeAllOf 合并 allOf
+func mergeAllOf(m map[string]any) {
+	allOf, ok := m["allOf"].([]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	delete(m, "allOf")
+
+	mergedProps := make(map[string]any)
+	mergedReq := make(map[string]bool)
+	otherFields := make(map[string]any)
+
+	for _, sub := range allOf {
+		if subMap, ok := sub.(map[string]any); ok {
+			// Props
+			if props, ok := subMap["properties"].(map[string]any); ok {
+				for k, v := range props {
+					mergedProps[k] = v
+				}
+			}
+			// Required
+			if reqs, ok := subMap["required"].([]any); ok {
+				for _, r := range reqs {
+					if s, ok := r.(string); ok {
+						mergedReq[s] = true
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			// Others
+			for k, v := range subMap {
+				if k != "properties" && k != "required" && k != "allOf" {
+					if _, exists := otherFields[k]; !exists {
+						otherFields[k] = v
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Apply
+	for k, v := range otherFields {
+		if _, exists := m[k]; !exists {
+			m[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+	if len(mergedProps) > 0 {
+		existProps, _ := m["properties"].(map[string]any)
+		if existProps == nil {
+			existProps = make(map[string]any)
+			m["properties"] = existProps
+		}
+		for k, v := range mergedProps {
+			if _, exists := existProps[k]; !exists {
+				existProps[k] = v
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if len(mergedReq) > 0 {
+		existReq, _ := m["required"].([]any)
+		var validReqs []any
+		for _, r := range existReq {
+			if s, ok := r.(string); ok {
+				validReqs = append(validReqs, s)
+				delete(mergedReq, s) // already exists
+			}
+		}
+		// append new
+		for r := range mergedReq {
+			validReqs = append(validReqs, r)
+		}
+		m["required"] = validReqs
+	}
+}
+
+// extractBestSchemaFromUnion 从 anyOf/oneOf 中选取最佳分支
+func extractBestSchemaFromUnion(unionArray []any) any {
+	var bestOption any
+	bestScore := -1
+
+	for _, item := range unionArray {
+		score := scoreSchemaOption(item)
+		if score > bestScore {
+			bestScore = score
+			bestOption = item
+		}
+	}
+	return bestOption
+}
+
+func scoreSchemaOption(val any) int {
+	m, ok := val.(map[string]any)
+	if !ok {
+		return 0
+	}
+	typeStr, _ := m["type"].(string)
+
+	if hasKey(m, "properties") || typeStr == "object" {
+		return 3
+	}
+	if hasKey(m, "items") || typeStr == "array" {
+		return 2
+	}
+	if typeStr != "" && typeStr != "null" {
+		return 1
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// DeepCleanUndefined 深度清理值为 "[undefined]" 的字段
+func DeepCleanUndefined(value any) {
+	if value == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	switch v := value.(type) {
+	case map[string]any:
+		for k, val := range v {
+			if s, ok := val.(string); ok && s == "[undefined]" {
+				delete(v, k)
+				continue
+			}
+			DeepCleanUndefined(val)
+		}
+	case []any:
+		for _, val := range v {
+			DeepCleanUndefined(val)
+		}
+	}
+}

backend/internal/pkg/antigravity/stream_transformer.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"log"
 	"strings"
 )
 
@@ -27,6 +28,8 @@ type StreamingProcessor struct {
 	pendingSignature  string
 	trailingSignature string
 	originalModel     string
+	webSearchQueries  []string
+	groundingChunks   []GeminiGroundingChunk
 
 	// 累计 usage
 	inputTokens     int
@@ -93,9 +96,21 @@ func (p *StreamingProcessor) ProcessLine(line string) []byte {
 		}
 	}
 
+	if len(geminiResp.Candidates) > 0 {
+		p.captureGrounding(geminiResp.Candidates[0].GroundingMetadata)
+	}
+
 	// 检查是否结束
 	if len(geminiResp.Candidates) > 0 {
 		finishReason := geminiResp.Candidates[0].FinishReason
+		if finishReason == "MALFORMED_FUNCTION_CALL" {
+			log.Printf("[Antigravity] MALFORMED_FUNCTION_CALL detected in stream for model %s", p.originalModel)
+			if geminiResp.Candidates[0].Content != nil {
+				if b, err := json.Marshal(geminiResp.Candidates[0].Content); err == nil {
+					log.Printf("[Antigravity] Malformed content: %s", string(b))
+				}
+			}
+		}
 		if finishReason != "" {
 			_, _ = result.Write(p.emitFinish(finishReason))
 		}
@@ -200,6 +215,20 @@ func (p *StreamingProcessor) processPart(part *GeminiPart) []byte {
 	return result.Bytes()
 }
 
+func (p *StreamingProcessor) captureGrounding(grounding *GeminiGroundingMetadata) {
+	if grounding == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if len(grounding.WebSearchQueries) > 0 && len(p.webSearchQueries) == 0 {
+		p.webSearchQueries = append([]string(nil), grounding.WebSearchQueries...)
+	}
+
+	if len(grounding.GroundingChunks) > 0 && len(p.groundingChunks) == 0 {
+		p.groundingChunks = append([]GeminiGroundingChunk(nil), grounding.GroundingChunks...)
+	}
+}
+
 // processThinking 处理 thinking
 func (p *StreamingProcessor) processThinking(text, signature string) []byte {
 	var result bytes.Buffer
@@ -417,6 +446,23 @@ func (p *StreamingProcessor) emitFinish(finishReason string) []byte {
 		p.trailingSignature = ""
 	}
 
+	if len(p.webSearchQueries) > 0 || len(p.groundingChunks) > 0 {
+		groundingText := buildGroundingText(&GeminiGroundingMetadata{
+			WebSearchQueries: p.webSearchQueries,
+			GroundingChunks:  p.groundingChunks,
+		})
+		if groundingText != "" {
+			_, _ = result.Write(p.startBlock(BlockTypeText, map[string]any{
+				"type": "text",
+				"text": "",
+			}))
+			_, _ = result.Write(p.emitDelta("text_delta", map[string]any{
+				"text": groundingText,
+			}))
+			_, _ = result.Write(p.endBlock())
+		}
+	}
+
 	// 确定 stop_reason
 	stopReason := "end_turn"
 	if p.usedTool {

backend/internal/pkg/claude/constants.go

@@ -16,7 +16,12 @@ const (
 const DefaultBetaHeader = BetaClaudeCode + "," + BetaOAuth + "," + BetaInterleavedThinking + "," + BetaFineGrainedToolStreaming
 
 // MessageBetaHeaderNoTools /v1/messages 在无工具时的 beta header
-const MessageBetaHeaderNoTools = BetaOAuth + "," + BetaInterleavedThinking
+//
+// NOTE: Claude Code OAuth credentials are scoped to Claude Code. When we "mimic"
+// Claude Code for non-Claude-Code clients, we must include the claude-code beta
+// even if the request doesn't use tools, otherwise upstream may reject the
+// request as a non-Claude-Code API request.
+const MessageBetaHeaderNoTools = BetaClaudeCode + "," + BetaOAuth + "," + BetaInterleavedThinking
 
 // MessageBetaHeaderWithTools /v1/messages 在有工具时的 beta header
 const MessageBetaHeaderWithTools = BetaClaudeCode + "," + BetaOAuth + "," + BetaInterleavedThinking
@@ -35,13 +40,15 @@ const APIKeyHaikuBetaHeader = BetaInterleavedThinking
 
 // DefaultHeaders 是 Claude Code 客户端默认请求头。
 var DefaultHeaders = map[string]string{
-	"User-Agent":                                "claude-cli/2.1.2 (external, cli)",
+	// Keep these in sync with recent Claude CLI traffic to reduce the chance
+	// that Claude Code-scoped OAuth credentials are rejected as "non-CLI" usage.
+	"User-Agent":                                "claude-cli/2.1.22 (external, cli)",
 	"X-Stainless-Lang":                          "js",
 	"X-Stainless-Package-Version":               "0.70.0",
 	"X-Stainless-OS":                            "Linux",
-	"X-Stainless-Arch":                          "x64",
+	"X-Stainless-Arch":                          "arm64",
 	"X-Stainless-Runtime":                       "node",
-	"X-Stainless-Runtime-Version":               "v24.3.0",
+	"X-Stainless-Runtime-Version":               "v24.13.0",
 	"X-Stainless-Retry-Count":                   "0",
 	"X-Stainless-Timeout":                       "600",
 	"X-App":                                     "cli",

backend/internal/pkg/gemini/models.go

@@ -16,14 +16,11 @@ type ModelsListResponse struct {
 func DefaultModels() []Model {
 	methods := []string{"generateContent", "streamGenerateContent"}
 	return []Model{
-		{Name: "models/gemini-3-pro-preview", SupportedGenerationMethods: methods},
-		{Name: "models/gemini-3-flash-preview", SupportedGenerationMethods: methods},
-		{Name: "models/gemini-2.5-pro", SupportedGenerationMethods: methods},
-		{Name: "models/gemini-2.5-flash", SupportedGenerationMethods: methods},
 		{Name: "models/gemini-2.0-flash", SupportedGenerationMethods: methods},
-		{Name: "models/gemini-1.5-pro", SupportedGenerationMethods: methods},
-		{Name: "models/gemini-1.5-flash", SupportedGenerationMethods: methods},
-		{Name: "models/gemini-1.5-flash-8b", SupportedGenerationMethods: methods},
+		{Name: "models/gemini-2.5-flash", SupportedGenerationMethods: methods},
+		{Name: "models/gemini-2.5-pro", SupportedGenerationMethods: methods},
+		{Name: "models/gemini-3-flash-preview", SupportedGenerationMethods: methods},
+		{Name: "models/gemini-3-pro-preview", SupportedGenerationMethods: methods},
 	}
 }
 

backend/internal/pkg/geminicli/models.go

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ type Model struct {
 // DefaultModels is the curated Gemini model list used by the admin UI "test account" flow.
 var DefaultModels = []Model{
 	{ID: "gemini-2.0-flash", Type: "model", DisplayName: "Gemini 2.0 Flash", CreatedAt: ""},
-	{ID: "gemini-2.5-pro", Type: "model", DisplayName: "Gemini 2.5 Pro", CreatedAt: ""},
 	{ID: "gemini-2.5-flash", Type: "model", DisplayName: "Gemini 2.5 Flash", CreatedAt: ""},
-	{ID: "gemini-3-pro-preview", Type: "model", DisplayName: "Gemini 3 Pro Preview", CreatedAt: ""},
+	{ID: "gemini-2.5-pro", Type: "model", DisplayName: "Gemini 2.5 Pro", CreatedAt: ""},
 	{ID: "gemini-3-flash-preview", Type: "model", DisplayName: "Gemini 3 Flash Preview", CreatedAt: ""},
+	{ID: "gemini-3-pro-preview", Type: "model", DisplayName: "Gemini 3 Pro Preview", CreatedAt: ""},
 }
 
 // DefaultTestModel is the default model to preselect in test flows.

backend/internal/pkg/oauth/oauth.go

@@ -13,20 +13,26 @@ import (
 	"time"
 )
 
-// Claude OAuth Constants (from CRS project)
+// Claude OAuth Constants
 const (
 	// OAuth Client ID for Claude
 	ClientID = "9d1c250a-e61b-44d9-88ed-5944d1962f5e"
 
 	// OAuth endpoints
 	AuthorizeURL = "https://claude.ai/oauth/authorize"
-	TokenURL     = "https://console.anthropic.com/v1/oauth/token"
-	RedirectURI  = "https://console.anthropic.com/oauth/code/callback"
-
-	// Scopes
-	ScopeProfile   = "user:profile"
+	TokenURL     = "https://platform.claude.com/v1/oauth/token"
+	RedirectURI  = "https://platform.claude.com/oauth/code/callback"
+
+	// Scopes - Browser URL (includes org:create_api_key for user authorization)
+	ScopeOAuth = "org:create_api_key user:profile user:inference user:sessions:claude_code user:mcp_servers"
+	// Scopes - Internal API call (org:create_api_key not supported in API)
+	ScopeAPI = "user:profile user:inference user:sessions:claude_code user:mcp_servers"
+	// Scopes - Setup token (inference only)
 	ScopeInference = "user:inference"
 
+	// Code Verifier character set (RFC 7636 compliant)
+	codeVerifierCharset = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-._~"
+
 	// Session TTL
 	SessionTTL = 30 * time.Minute
 )
@@ -53,7 +59,6 @@ func NewSessionStore() *SessionStore {
 		sessions: make(map[string]*OAuthSession),
 		stopCh:   make(chan struct{}),
 	}
-	// Start cleanup goroutine
 	go store.cleanup()
 	return store
 }
@@ -78,7 +83,6 @@ func (s *SessionStore) Get(sessionID string) (*OAuthSession, bool) {
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, false
 	}
-	// Check if expired
 	if time.Since(session.CreatedAt) > SessionTTL {
 		return nil, false
 	}
@@ -122,13 +126,13 @@ func GenerateRandomBytes(n int) ([]byte, error) {
 	return b, nil
 }
 
-// GenerateState generates a random state string for OAuth
+// GenerateState generates a random state string for OAuth (base64url encoded)
 func GenerateState() (string, error) {
 	bytes, err := GenerateRandomBytes(32)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	return hex.EncodeToString(bytes), nil
+	return base64URLEncode(bytes), nil
 }
 
 // GenerateSessionID generates a unique session ID
@@ -140,13 +144,30 @@ func GenerateSessionID() (string, error) {
 	return hex.EncodeToString(bytes), nil
 }
 
-// GenerateCodeVerifier generates a PKCE code verifier (32 bytes -> base64url)
+// GenerateCodeVerifier generates a PKCE code verifier using character set method
 func GenerateCodeVerifier() (string, error) {
-	bytes, err := GenerateRandomBytes(32)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
+	const targetLen = 32
+	charsetLen := len(codeVerifierCharset)
+	limit := 256 - (256 % charsetLen)
+
+	result := make([]byte, 0, targetLen)
+	randBuf := make([]byte, targetLen*2)
+
+	for len(result) < targetLen {
+		if _, err := rand.Read(randBuf); err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+		for _, b := range randBuf {
+			if int(b) < limit {
+				result = append(result, codeVerifierCharset[int(b)%charsetLen])
+				if len(result) >= targetLen {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
 	}
-	return base64URLEncode(bytes), nil
+
+	return base64URLEncode(result), nil
 }
 
 // GenerateCodeChallenge generates a PKCE code challenge using S256 method
@@ -158,42 +179,31 @@ func GenerateCodeChallenge(verifier string) string {
 // base64URLEncode encodes bytes to base64url without padding
 func base64URLEncode(data []byte) string {
 	encoded := base64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString(data)
-	// Remove padding
 	return strings.TrimRight(encoded, "=")
 }
 
-// BuildAuthorizationURL builds the OAuth authorization URL
+// BuildAuthorizationURL builds the OAuth authorization URL with correct parameter order
 func BuildAuthorizationURL(state, codeChallenge, scope string) string {
-	params := url.Values{}
-	params.Set("response_type", "code")
-	params.Set("client_id", ClientID)
-	params.Set("redirect_uri", RedirectURI)
-	params.Set("scope", scope)
-	params.Set("state", state)
-	params.Set("code_challenge", codeChallenge)
-	params.Set("code_challenge_method", "S256")
-
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%s?%s", AuthorizeURL, params.Encode())
-}
+	encodedRedirectURI := url.QueryEscape(RedirectURI)
+	encodedScope := strings.ReplaceAll(url.QueryEscape(scope), "%20", "+")
 
-// TokenRequest represents the token exchange request body
-type TokenRequest struct {
-	GrantType    string `json:"grant_type"`
-	ClientID     string `json:"client_id"`
-	Code         string `json:"code"`
-	RedirectURI  string `json:"redirect_uri"`
-	CodeVerifier string `json:"code_verifier"`
-	State        string `json:"state"`
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s?code=true&client_id=%s&response_type=code&redirect_uri=%s&scope=%s&code_challenge=%s&code_challenge_method=S256&state=%s",
+		AuthorizeURL,
+		ClientID,
+		encodedRedirectURI,
+		encodedScope,
+		codeChallenge,
+		state,
+	)
 }
 
 // TokenResponse represents the token response from OAuth provider
 type TokenResponse struct {
-	AccessToken  string `json:"access_token"`
-	TokenType    string `json:"token_type"`
-	ExpiresIn    int64  `json:"expires_in"`
-	RefreshToken string `json:"refresh_token,omitempty"`
-	Scope        string `json:"scope,omitempty"`
-	// Organization and Account info from OAuth response
+	AccessToken  string       `json:"access_token"`
+	TokenType    string       `json:"token_type"`
+	ExpiresIn    int64        `json:"expires_in"`
+	RefreshToken string       `json:"refresh_token,omitempty"`
+	Scope        string       `json:"scope,omitempty"`
 	Organization *OrgInfo     `json:"organization,omitempty"`
 	Account      *AccountInfo `json:"account,omitempty"`
 }
@@ -205,33 +215,6 @@ type OrgInfo struct {
 
 // AccountInfo represents account info from OAuth response
 type AccountInfo struct {
-	UUID string `json:"uuid"`
-}
-
-// RefreshTokenRequest represents the refresh token request
-type RefreshTokenRequest struct {
-	GrantType    string `json:"grant_type"`
-	RefreshToken string `json:"refresh_token"`
-	ClientID     string `json:"client_id"`
-}
-
-// BuildTokenRequest creates a token exchange request
-func BuildTokenRequest(code, codeVerifier, state string) *TokenRequest {
-	return &TokenRequest{
-		GrantType:    "authorization_code",
-		ClientID:     ClientID,
-		Code:         code,
-		RedirectURI:  RedirectURI,
-		CodeVerifier: codeVerifier,
-		State:        state,
-	}
-}
-
-// BuildRefreshTokenRequest creates a refresh token request
-func BuildRefreshTokenRequest(refreshToken string) *RefreshTokenRequest {
-	return &RefreshTokenRequest{
-		GrantType:    "refresh_token",
-		RefreshToken: refreshToken,
-		ClientID:     ClientID,
-	}
+	UUID         string `json:"uuid"`
+	EmailAddress string `json:"email_address"`
 }

backend/internal/pkg/response/response.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 package response
 
 import (
+	"log"
 	"math"
 	"net/http"
 
@@ -74,6 +75,12 @@ func ErrorFrom(c *gin.Context, err error) bool {
 	}
 
 	statusCode, status := infraerrors.ToHTTP(err)
+
+	// Log internal errors with full details for debugging
+	if statusCode >= 500 && c.Request != nil {
+		log.Printf("[ERROR] %s %s\n  Error: %s", c.Request.Method, c.Request.URL.Path, err.Error())
+	}
+
 	ErrorWithDetails(c, statusCode, status.Message, status.Reason, status.Metadata)
 	return true
 }
@@ -162,11 +169,11 @@ func ParsePagination(c *gin.Context) (page, pageSize int) {
 
 	// 支持 page_size 和 limit 两种参数名
 	if ps := c.Query("page_size"); ps != "" {
-		if val, err := parseInt(ps); err == nil && val > 0 && val <= 100 {
+		if val, err := parseInt(ps); err == nil && val > 0 && val <= 1000 {
 			pageSize = val
 		}
 	} else if l := c.Query("limit"); l != "" {
-		if val, err := parseInt(l); err == nil && val > 0 && val <= 100 {
+		if val, err := parseInt(l); err == nil && val > 0 && val <= 1000 {
 			pageSize = val
 		}
 	}

backend/internal/pkg/tlsfingerprint/dialer.go

+// Package tlsfingerprint provides TLS fingerprint simulation for HTTP clients.
+// It uses the utls library to create TLS connections that mimic Node.js/Claude Code clients.
+package tlsfingerprint
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+
+	utls "github.com/refraction-networking/utls"
+	"golang.org/x/net/proxy"
+)
+
+// Profile contains TLS fingerprint configuration.
+type Profile struct {
+	Name         string // Profile name for identification
+	CipherSuites []uint16
+	Curves       []uint16
+	PointFormats []uint8
+	EnableGREASE bool
+}
+
+// Dialer creates TLS connections with custom fingerprints.
+type Dialer struct {
+	profile    *Profile
+	baseDialer func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error)
+}
+
+// HTTPProxyDialer creates TLS connections through HTTP/HTTPS proxies with custom fingerprints.
+// It handles the CONNECT tunnel establishment before performing TLS handshake.
+type HTTPProxyDialer struct {
+	profile  *Profile
+	proxyURL *url.URL
+}
+
+// SOCKS5ProxyDialer creates TLS connections through SOCKS5 proxies with custom fingerprints.
+// It uses golang.org/x/net/proxy to establish the SOCKS5 tunnel.
+type SOCKS5ProxyDialer struct {
+	profile  *Profile
+	proxyURL *url.URL
+}
+
+// Default TLS fingerprint values captured from Claude CLI 2.x (Node.js 20.x + OpenSSL 3.x)
+// Captured using: tshark -i lo -f "tcp port 8443" -Y "tls.handshake.type == 1" -V
+// JA3 Hash: 1a28e69016765d92e3b381168d68922c
+//
+// Note: JA3/JA4 may have slight variations due to:
+// - Session ticket presence/absence
+// - Extension negotiation state
+var (
+	// defaultCipherSuites contains all 59 cipher suites from Claude CLI
+	// Order is critical for JA3 fingerprint matching
+	defaultCipherSuites = []uint16{
+		// TLS 1.3 cipher suites (MUST be first)
+		0x1302, // TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
+		0x1303, // TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256
+		0x1301, // TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
+
+		// ECDHE + AES-GCM
+		0xc02f, // TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
+		0xc02b, // TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
+		0xc030, // TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
+		0xc02c, // TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
+
+		// DHE + AES-GCM
+		0x009e, // TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
+
+		// ECDHE/DHE + AES-CBC-SHA256/384
+		0xc027, // TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
+		0x0067, // TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
+		0xc028, // TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384
+		0x006b, // TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256
+
+		// DHE-DSS/RSA + AES-GCM
+		0x00a3, // TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
+		0x009f, // TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
+
+		// ChaCha20-Poly1305
+		0xcca9, // TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256
+		0xcca8, // TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256
+		0xccaa, // TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256
+
+		// AES-CCM (256-bit)
+		0xc0af, // TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CCM_8
+		0xc0ad, // TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CCM
+		0xc0a3, // TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CCM_8
+		0xc09f, // TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CCM
+
+		// ARIA (256-bit)
+		0xc05d, // TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384
+		0xc061, // TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384
+		0xc057, // TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384
+		0xc053, // TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384
+
+		// DHE-DSS + AES-GCM (128-bit)
+		0x00a2, // TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
+
+		// AES-CCM (128-bit)
+		0xc0ae, // TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM_8
+		0xc0ac, // TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM
+		0xc0a2, // TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM_8
+		0xc09e, // TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM
+
+		// ARIA (128-bit)
+		0xc05c, // TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256
+		0xc060, // TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256
+		0xc056, // TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256
+		0xc052, // TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256
+
+		// ECDHE/DHE + AES-CBC-SHA384/256 (more)
+		0xc024, // TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384
+		0x006a, // TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256
+		0xc023, // TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
+		0x0040, // TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
+
+		// ECDHE/DHE + AES-CBC-SHA (legacy)
+		0xc00a, // TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
+		0xc014, // TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
+		0x0039, // TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
+		0x0038, // TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
+		0xc009, // TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
+		0xc013, // TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
+		0x0033, // TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
+		0x0032, // TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
+
+		// RSA + AES-GCM/CCM/ARIA (non-PFS, 256-bit)
+		0x009d, // TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
+		0xc0a1, // TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CCM_8
+		0xc09d, // TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CCM
+		0xc051, // TLS_RSA_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384
+
+		// RSA + AES-GCM/CCM/ARIA (non-PFS, 128-bit)
+		0x009c, // TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
+		0xc0a0, // TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM_8
+		0xc09c, // TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM
+		0xc050, // TLS_RSA_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256
+
+		// RSA + AES-CBC (non-PFS, legacy)
+		0x003d, // TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256
+		0x003c, // TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
+		0x0035, // TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
+		0x002f, // TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
+
+		// Renegotiation indication
+		0x00ff, // TLS_EMPTY_RENEGOTIATION_INFO_SCSV
+	}
+
+	// defaultCurves contains the 10 supported groups from Claude CLI (including FFDHE)
+	defaultCurves = []utls.CurveID{
+		utls.X25519,          // 0x001d
+		utls.CurveP256,       // 0x0017 (secp256r1)
+		utls.CurveID(0x001e), // x448
+		utls.CurveP521,       // 0x0019 (secp521r1)
+		utls.CurveP384,       // 0x0018 (secp384r1)
+		utls.CurveID(0x0100), // ffdhe2048
+		utls.CurveID(0x0101), // ffdhe3072
+		utls.CurveID(0x0102), // ffdhe4096
+		utls.CurveID(0x0103), // ffdhe6144
+		utls.CurveID(0x0104), // ffdhe8192
+	}
+
+	// defaultPointFormats contains all 3 point formats from Claude CLI
+	defaultPointFormats = []uint8{
+		0, // uncompressed
+		1, // ansiX962_compressed_prime
+		2, // ansiX962_compressed_char2
+	}
+
+	// defaultSignatureAlgorithms contains the 20 signature algorithms from Claude CLI
+	defaultSignatureAlgorithms = []utls.SignatureScheme{
+		0x0403, // ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256
+		0x0503, // ecdsa_secp384r1_sha384
+		0x0603, // ecdsa_secp521r1_sha512
+		0x0807, // ed25519
+		0x0808, // ed448
+		0x0809, // rsa_pss_pss_sha256
+		0x080a, // rsa_pss_pss_sha384
+		0x080b, // rsa_pss_pss_sha512
+		0x0804, // rsa_pss_rsae_sha256
+		0x0805, // rsa_pss_rsae_sha384
+		0x0806, // rsa_pss_rsae_sha512
+		0x0401, // rsa_pkcs1_sha256
+		0x0501, // rsa_pkcs1_sha384
+		0x0601, // rsa_pkcs1_sha512
+		0x0303, // ecdsa_sha224
+		0x0301, // rsa_pkcs1_sha224
+		0x0302, // dsa_sha224
+		0x0402, // dsa_sha256
+		0x0502, // dsa_sha384
+		0x0602, // dsa_sha512
+	}
+)
+
+// NewDialer creates a new TLS fingerprint dialer.
+// baseDialer is used for TCP connection establishment (supports proxy scenarios).
+// If baseDialer is nil, direct TCP dial is used.
+func NewDialer(profile *Profile, baseDialer func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error)) *Dialer {
+	if baseDialer == nil {
+		baseDialer = (&net.Dialer{}).DialContext
+	}
+	return &Dialer{profile: profile, baseDialer: baseDialer}
+}
+
+// NewHTTPProxyDialer creates a new TLS fingerprint dialer that works through HTTP/HTTPS proxies.
+// It establishes a CONNECT tunnel before performing TLS handshake with custom fingerprint.
+func NewHTTPProxyDialer(profile *Profile, proxyURL *url.URL) *HTTPProxyDialer {
+	return &HTTPProxyDialer{profile: profile, proxyURL: proxyURL}
+}
+
+// NewSOCKS5ProxyDialer creates a new TLS fingerprint dialer that works through SOCKS5 proxies.
+// It establishes a SOCKS5 tunnel before performing TLS handshake with custom fingerprint.
+func NewSOCKS5ProxyDialer(profile *Profile, proxyURL *url.URL) *SOCKS5ProxyDialer {
+	return &SOCKS5ProxyDialer{profile: profile, proxyURL: proxyURL}
+}
+
+// DialTLSContext establishes a TLS connection through SOCKS5 proxy with the configured fingerprint.
+// Flow: SOCKS5 CONNECT to target -> TLS handshake with utls on the tunnel
+func (d *SOCKS5ProxyDialer) DialTLSContext(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_socks5_connecting", "proxy", d.proxyURL.Host, "target", addr)
+
+	// Step 1: Create SOCKS5 dialer
+	var auth *proxy.Auth
+	if d.proxyURL.User != nil {
+		username := d.proxyURL.User.Username()
+		password, _ := d.proxyURL.User.Password()
+		auth = &proxy.Auth{
+			User:     username,
+			Password: password,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Determine proxy address
+	proxyAddr := d.proxyURL.Host
+	if d.proxyURL.Port() == "" {
+		proxyAddr = net.JoinHostPort(d.proxyURL.Hostname(), "1080") // Default SOCKS5 port
+	}
+
+	socksDialer, err := proxy.SOCKS5("tcp", proxyAddr, auth, proxy.Direct)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_socks5_dialer_failed", "error", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create SOCKS5 dialer: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Step 2: Establish SOCKS5 tunnel to target
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_socks5_establishing_tunnel", "target", addr)
+	conn, err := socksDialer.Dial("tcp", addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_socks5_connect_failed", "error", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("SOCKS5 connect: %w", err)
+	}
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_socks5_tunnel_established")
+
+	// Step 3: Perform TLS handshake on the tunnel with utls fingerprint
+	host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		host = addr
+	}
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_socks5_starting_handshake", "host", host)
+
+	// Build ClientHello specification from profile (Node.js/Claude CLI fingerprint)
+	spec := buildClientHelloSpecFromProfile(d.profile)
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_socks5_clienthello_spec",
+		"cipher_suites", len(spec.CipherSuites),
+		"extensions", len(spec.Extensions),
+		"compression_methods", spec.CompressionMethods,
+		"tls_vers_max", fmt.Sprintf("0x%04x", spec.TLSVersMax),
+		"tls_vers_min", fmt.Sprintf("0x%04x", spec.TLSVersMin))
+
+	if d.profile != nil {
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_socks5_using_profile", "name", d.profile.Name, "grease", d.profile.EnableGREASE)
+	}
+
+	// Create uTLS connection on the tunnel
+	tlsConn := utls.UClient(conn, &utls.Config{
+		ServerName: host,
+	}, utls.HelloCustom)
+
+	if err := tlsConn.ApplyPreset(spec); err != nil {
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_socks5_apply_preset_failed", "error", err)
+		_ = conn.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("apply TLS preset: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := tlsConn.Handshake(); err != nil {
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_socks5_handshake_failed", "error", err)
+		_ = conn.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("TLS handshake failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	state := tlsConn.ConnectionState()
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_socks5_handshake_success",
+		"version", fmt.Sprintf("0x%04x", state.Version),
+		"cipher_suite", fmt.Sprintf("0x%04x", state.CipherSuite),
+		"alpn", state.NegotiatedProtocol)
+
+	return tlsConn, nil
+}
+
+// DialTLSContext establishes a TLS connection through HTTP proxy with the configured fingerprint.
+// Flow: TCP connect to proxy -> CONNECT tunnel -> TLS handshake with utls
+func (d *HTTPProxyDialer) DialTLSContext(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_http_proxy_connecting", "proxy", d.proxyURL.Host, "target", addr)
+
+	// Step 1: TCP connect to proxy server
+	var proxyAddr string
+	if d.proxyURL.Port() != "" {
+		proxyAddr = d.proxyURL.Host
+	} else {
+		// Default ports
+		if d.proxyURL.Scheme == "https" {
+			proxyAddr = net.JoinHostPort(d.proxyURL.Hostname(), "443")
+		} else {
+			proxyAddr = net.JoinHostPort(d.proxyURL.Hostname(), "80")
+		}
+	}
+
+	dialer := &net.Dialer{}
+	conn, err := dialer.DialContext(ctx, "tcp", proxyAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_http_proxy_connect_failed", "error", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("connect to proxy: %w", err)
+	}
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_http_proxy_connected", "proxy_addr", proxyAddr)
+
+	// Step 2: Send CONNECT request to establish tunnel
+	req := &http.Request{
+		Method: "CONNECT",
+		URL:    &url.URL{Opaque: addr},
+		Host:   addr,
+		Header: make(http.Header),
+	}
+
+	// Add proxy authentication if present
+	if d.proxyURL.User != nil {
+		username := d.proxyURL.User.Username()
+		password, _ := d.proxyURL.User.Password()
+		auth := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(username + ":" + password))
+		req.Header.Set("Proxy-Authorization", "Basic "+auth)
+	}
+
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_http_proxy_sending_connect", "target", addr)
+	if err := req.Write(conn); err != nil {
+		_ = conn.Close()
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_http_proxy_write_failed", "error", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("write CONNECT request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Step 3: Read CONNECT response
+	br := bufio.NewReader(conn)
+	resp, err := http.ReadResponse(br, req)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = conn.Close()
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_http_proxy_read_response_failed", "error", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("read CONNECT response: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		_ = conn.Close()
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_http_proxy_connect_failed_status", "status_code", resp.StatusCode, "status", resp.Status)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("proxy CONNECT failed: %s", resp.Status)
+	}
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_http_proxy_tunnel_established")
+
+	// Step 4: Perform TLS handshake on the tunnel with utls fingerprint
+	host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		host = addr
+	}
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_http_proxy_starting_handshake", "host", host)
+
+	// Build ClientHello specification (reuse the shared method)
+	spec := buildClientHelloSpecFromProfile(d.profile)
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_http_proxy_clienthello_spec",
+		"cipher_suites", len(spec.CipherSuites),
+		"extensions", len(spec.Extensions))
+
+	if d.profile != nil {
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_http_proxy_using_profile", "name", d.profile.Name, "grease", d.profile.EnableGREASE)
+	}
+
+	// Create uTLS connection on the tunnel
+	// Note: TLS 1.3 cipher suites are handled automatically by utls when TLS 1.3 is in SupportedVersions
+	tlsConn := utls.UClient(conn, &utls.Config{
+		ServerName: host,
+	}, utls.HelloCustom)
+
+	if err := tlsConn.ApplyPreset(spec); err != nil {
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_http_proxy_apply_preset_failed", "error", err)
+		_ = conn.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("apply TLS preset: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := tlsConn.HandshakeContext(ctx); err != nil {
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_http_proxy_handshake_failed", "error", err)
+		_ = conn.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("TLS handshake failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	state := tlsConn.ConnectionState()
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_http_proxy_handshake_success",
+		"version", fmt.Sprintf("0x%04x", state.Version),
+		"cipher_suite", fmt.Sprintf("0x%04x", state.CipherSuite),
+		"alpn", state.NegotiatedProtocol)
+
+	return tlsConn, nil
+}
+
+// DialTLSContext establishes a TLS connection with the configured fingerprint.
+// This method is designed to be used as http.Transport.DialTLSContext.
+func (d *Dialer) DialTLSContext(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
+	// Establish TCP connection using base dialer (supports proxy)
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_dialing_tcp", "addr", addr)
+	conn, err := d.baseDialer(ctx, network, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_tcp_dial_failed", "error", err)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_tcp_connected", "addr", addr)
+
+	// Extract hostname for SNI
+	host, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		host = addr
+	}
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_sni_hostname", "host", host)
+
+	// Build ClientHello specification
+	spec := d.buildClientHelloSpec()
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_clienthello_spec",
+		"cipher_suites", len(spec.CipherSuites),
+		"extensions", len(spec.Extensions))
+
+	// Log profile info
+	if d.profile != nil {
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_using_profile", "name", d.profile.Name, "grease", d.profile.EnableGREASE)
+	} else {
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_using_default_profile")
+	}
+
+	// Create uTLS connection
+	// Note: TLS 1.3 cipher suites are handled automatically by utls when TLS 1.3 is in SupportedVersions
+	tlsConn := utls.UClient(conn, &utls.Config{
+		ServerName: host,
+	}, utls.HelloCustom)
+
+	// Apply fingerprint
+	if err := tlsConn.ApplyPreset(spec); err != nil {
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_apply_preset_failed", "error", err)
+		_ = conn.Close()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_preset_applied")
+
+	// Perform TLS handshake
+	if err := tlsConn.HandshakeContext(ctx); err != nil {
+		slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_handshake_failed",
+			"error", err,
+			"local_addr", conn.LocalAddr(),
+			"remote_addr", conn.RemoteAddr())
+		_ = conn.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("TLS handshake failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Log successful handshake details
+	state := tlsConn.ConnectionState()
+	slog.Debug("tls_fingerprint_handshake_success",
+		"version", fmt.Sprintf("0x%04x", state.Version),
+		"cipher_suite", fmt.Sprintf("0x%04x", state.CipherSuite),
+		"alpn", state.NegotiatedProtocol)
+
+	return tlsConn, nil
+}
+
+// buildClientHelloSpec constructs the ClientHello specification based on the profile.
+func (d *Dialer) buildClientHelloSpec() *utls.ClientHelloSpec {
+	return buildClientHelloSpecFromProfile(d.profile)
+}
+
+// toUTLSCurves converts uint16 slice to utls.CurveID slice.
+func toUTLSCurves(curves []uint16) []utls.CurveID {
+	result := make([]utls.CurveID, len(curves))
+	for i, c := range curves {
+		result[i] = utls.CurveID(c)
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// buildClientHelloSpecFromProfile constructs ClientHelloSpec from a Profile.
+// This is a standalone function that can be used by both Dialer and HTTPProxyDialer.
+func buildClientHelloSpecFromProfile(profile *Profile) *utls.ClientHelloSpec {
+	// Get cipher suites
+	var cipherSuites []uint16
+	if profile != nil && len(profile.CipherSuites) > 0 {
+		cipherSuites = profile.CipherSuites
+	} else {
+		cipherSuites = defaultCipherSuites
+	}
+
+	// Get curves
+	var curves []utls.CurveID
+	if profile != nil && len(profile.Curves) > 0 {
+		curves = toUTLSCurves(profile.Curves)
+	} else {
+		curves = defaultCurves
+	}
+
+	// Get point formats
+	var pointFormats []uint8
+	if profile != nil && len(profile.PointFormats) > 0 {
+		pointFormats = profile.PointFormats
+	} else {
+		pointFormats = defaultPointFormats
+	}
+
+	// Check if GREASE is enabled
+	enableGREASE := profile != nil && profile.EnableGREASE
+
+	extensions := make([]utls.TLSExtension, 0, 16)
+
+	if enableGREASE {
+		extensions = append(extensions, &utls.UtlsGREASEExtension{})
+	}
+
+	// SNI extension - MUST be explicitly added for HelloCustom mode
+	// utls will populate the server name from Config.ServerName
+	extensions = append(extensions, &utls.SNIExtension{})
+
+	// Claude CLI extension order (captured from tshark):
+	// server_name(0), ec_point_formats(11), supported_groups(10), session_ticket(35),
+	// alpn(16), encrypt_then_mac(22), extended_master_secret(23),
+	// signature_algorithms(13), supported_versions(43),
+	// psk_key_exchange_modes(45), key_share(51)
+	extensions = append(extensions,
+		&utls.SupportedPointsExtension{SupportedPoints: pointFormats},
+		&utls.SupportedCurvesExtension{Curves: curves},
+		&utls.SessionTicketExtension{},
+		&utls.ALPNExtension{AlpnProtocols: []string{"http/1.1"}},
+		&utls.GenericExtension{Id: 22},
+		&utls.ExtendedMasterSecretExtension{},
+		&utls.SignatureAlgorithmsExtension{SupportedSignatureAlgorithms: defaultSignatureAlgorithms},
+		&utls.SupportedVersionsExtension{Versions: []uint16{
+			utls.VersionTLS13,
+			utls.VersionTLS12,
+		}},
+		&utls.PSKKeyExchangeModesExtension{Modes: []uint8{utls.PskModeDHE}},
+		&utls.KeyShareExtension{KeyShares: []utls.KeyShare{
+			{Group: utls.X25519},
+		}},
+	)
+
+	if enableGREASE {
+		extensions = append(extensions, &utls.UtlsGREASEExtension{})
+	}
+
+	return &utls.ClientHelloSpec{
+		CipherSuites:       cipherSuites,
+		CompressionMethods: []uint8{0}, // null compression only (standard)
+		Extensions:         extensions,
+		TLSVersMax:         utls.VersionTLS13,
+		TLSVersMin:         utls.VersionTLS10,
+	}
+}

backend/internal/pkg/tlsfingerprint/dialer_integration_test.go

+//go:build integration
+
+// Package tlsfingerprint provides TLS fingerprint simulation for HTTP clients.
+//
+// Integration tests for verifying TLS fingerprint correctness.
+// These tests make actual network requests to external services and should be run manually.
+//
+// Run with: go test -v -tags=integration ./internal/pkg/tlsfingerprint/...
+package tlsfingerprint
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// skipIfExternalServiceUnavailable checks if the external service is available.
+// If not, it skips the test instead of failing.
+func skipIfExternalServiceUnavailable(t *testing.T, err error) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err != nil {
+		// Check for common network/TLS errors that indicate external service issues
+		errStr := err.Error()
+		if strings.Contains(errStr, "certificate has expired") ||
+			strings.Contains(errStr, "certificate is not yet valid") ||
+			strings.Contains(errStr, "connection refused") ||
+			strings.Contains(errStr, "no such host") ||
+			strings.Contains(errStr, "network is unreachable") ||
+			strings.Contains(errStr, "timeout") {
+			t.Skipf("skipping test: external service unavailable: %v", err)
+		}
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get fingerprint: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestJA3Fingerprint verifies the JA3/JA4 fingerprint matches expected value.
+// This test uses tls.peet.ws to verify the fingerprint.
+// Expected JA3 hash: 1a28e69016765d92e3b381168d68922c (Claude CLI / Node.js 20.x)
+// Expected JA4: t13d5911h1_a33745022dd6_1f22a2ca17c4 (d=domain) or t13i5911h1_... (i=IP)
+func TestJA3Fingerprint(t *testing.T) {
+	// Skip if network is unavailable or if running in short mode
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("skipping integration test in short mode")
+	}
+
+	profile := &Profile{
+		Name:         "Claude CLI Test",
+		EnableGREASE: false,
+	}
+	dialer := NewDialer(profile, nil)
+
+	client := &http.Client{
+		Transport: &http.Transport{
+			DialTLSContext: dialer.DialTLSContext,
+		},
+		Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
+	}
+
+	// Use tls.peet.ws fingerprint detection API
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://tls.peet.ws/api/all", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create request: %v", err)
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Claude Code/2.0.0 Node.js/20.0.0")
+
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	skipIfExternalServiceUnavailable(t, err)
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read response: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var fpResp FingerprintResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &fpResp); err != nil {
+		t.Logf("Response body: %s", string(body))
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse fingerprint response: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Log all fingerprint information
+	t.Logf("JA3: %s", fpResp.TLS.JA3)
+	t.Logf("JA3 Hash: %s", fpResp.TLS.JA3Hash)
+	t.Logf("JA4: %s", fpResp.TLS.JA4)
+	t.Logf("PeetPrint: %s", fpResp.TLS.PeetPrint)
+	t.Logf("PeetPrint Hash: %s", fpResp.TLS.PeetPrintHash)
+
+	// Verify JA3 hash matches expected value
+	expectedJA3Hash := "1a28e69016765d92e3b381168d68922c"
+	if fpResp.TLS.JA3Hash == expectedJA3Hash {
+		t.Logf("✓ JA3 hash matches expected value: %s", expectedJA3Hash)
+	} else {
+		t.Errorf("✗ JA3 hash mismatch: got %s, expected %s", fpResp.TLS.JA3Hash, expectedJA3Hash)
+	}
+
+	// Verify JA4 fingerprint
+	// JA4 format: t[version][sni][cipher_count][ext_count][alpn]_[cipher_hash]_[ext_hash]
+	// Expected: t13d5910h1 (d=domain) or t13i5910h1 (i=IP)
+	// The suffix _a33745022dd6_1f22a2ca17c4 should match
+	expectedJA4Suffix := "_a33745022dd6_1f22a2ca17c4"
+	if strings.HasSuffix(fpResp.TLS.JA4, expectedJA4Suffix) {
+		t.Logf("✓ JA4 suffix matches expected value: %s", expectedJA4Suffix)
+	} else {
+		t.Errorf("✗ JA4 suffix mismatch: got %s, expected suffix %s", fpResp.TLS.JA4, expectedJA4Suffix)
+	}
+
+	// Verify JA4 prefix (t13d5911h1 or t13i5911h1)
+	// d = domain (SNI present), i = IP (no SNI)
+	// Since we connect to tls.peet.ws (domain), we expect 'd'
+	expectedJA4Prefix := "t13d5911h1"
+	if strings.HasPrefix(fpResp.TLS.JA4, expectedJA4Prefix) {
+		t.Logf("✓ JA4 prefix matches: %s (t13=TLS1.3, d=domain, 59=ciphers, 11=extensions, h1=HTTP/1.1)", expectedJA4Prefix)
+	} else {
+		// Also accept 'i' variant for IP connections
+		altPrefix := "t13i5911h1"
+		if strings.HasPrefix(fpResp.TLS.JA4, altPrefix) {
+			t.Logf("✓ JA4 prefix matches (IP variant): %s", altPrefix)
+		} else {
+			t.Errorf("✗ JA4 prefix mismatch: got %s, expected %s or %s", fpResp.TLS.JA4, expectedJA4Prefix, altPrefix)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Verify JA3 contains expected cipher suites (TLS 1.3 ciphers at the beginning)
+	if strings.Contains(fpResp.TLS.JA3, "4866-4867-4865") {
+		t.Logf("✓ JA3 contains expected TLS 1.3 cipher suites")
+	} else {
+		t.Logf("Warning: JA3 does not contain expected TLS 1.3 cipher suites")
+	}
+
+	// Verify extension list (should be 11 extensions including SNI)
+	// Expected: 0-11-10-35-16-22-23-13-43-45-51
+	expectedExtensions := "0-11-10-35-16-22-23-13-43-45-51"
+	if strings.Contains(fpResp.TLS.JA3, expectedExtensions) {
+		t.Logf("✓ JA3 contains expected extension list: %s", expectedExtensions)
+	} else {
+		t.Logf("Warning: JA3 extension list may differ")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestProfileExpectation defines expected fingerprint values for a profile.
+type TestProfileExpectation struct {
+	Profile       *Profile
+	ExpectedJA3   string // Expected JA3 hash (empty = don't check)
+	ExpectedJA4   string // Expected full JA4 (empty = don't check)
+	JA4CipherHash string // Expected JA4 cipher hash - the stable middle part (empty = don't check)
+}
+
+// TestAllProfiles tests multiple TLS fingerprint profiles against tls.peet.ws.
+// Run with: go test -v -tags=integration -run TestAllProfiles ./internal/pkg/tlsfingerprint/...
+func TestAllProfiles(t *testing.T) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("skipping integration test in short mode")
+	}
+
+	// Define all profiles to test with their expected fingerprints
+	// These profiles are from config.yaml gateway.tls_fingerprint.profiles
+	profiles := []TestProfileExpectation{
+		{
+			// Linux x64 Node.js v22.17.1
+			// Expected JA3 Hash: 1a28e69016765d92e3b381168d68922c
+			// Expected JA4: t13d5911h1_a33745022dd6_1f22a2ca17c4
+			Profile: &Profile{
+				Name:         "linux_x64_node_v22171",
+				EnableGREASE: false,
+				CipherSuites: []uint16{4866, 4867, 4865, 49199, 49195, 49200, 49196, 158, 49191, 103, 49192, 107, 163, 159, 52393, 52392, 52394, 49327, 49325, 49315, 49311, 49245, 49249, 49239, 49235, 162, 49326, 49324, 49314, 49310, 49244, 49248, 49238, 49234, 49188, 106, 49187, 64, 49162, 49172, 57, 56, 49161, 49171, 51, 50, 157, 49313, 49309, 49233, 156, 49312, 49308, 49232, 61, 60, 53, 47, 255},
+				Curves:       []uint16{29, 23, 30, 25, 24, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260},
+				PointFormats: []uint8{0, 1, 2},
+			},
+			JA4CipherHash: "a33745022dd6", // stable part
+		},
+		{
+			// MacOS arm64 Node.js v22.18.0
+			// Expected JA3 Hash: 70cb5ca646080902703ffda87036a5ea
+			// Expected JA4: t13d5912h1_a33745022dd6_dbd39dd1d406
+			Profile: &Profile{
+				Name:         "macos_arm64_node_v22180",
+				EnableGREASE: false,
+				CipherSuites: []uint16{4866, 4867, 4865, 49199, 49195, 49200, 49196, 158, 49191, 103, 49192, 107, 163, 159, 52393, 52392, 52394, 49327, 49325, 49315, 49311, 49245, 49249, 49239, 49235, 162, 49326, 49324, 49314, 49310, 49244, 49248, 49238, 49234, 49188, 106, 49187, 64, 49162, 49172, 57, 56, 49161, 49171, 51, 50, 157, 49313, 49309, 49233, 156, 49312, 49308, 49232, 61, 60, 53, 47, 255},
+				Curves:       []uint16{29, 23, 30, 25, 24, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260},
+				PointFormats: []uint8{0, 1, 2},
+			},
+			JA4CipherHash: "a33745022dd6", // stable part (same cipher suites)
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range profiles {
+		tc := tc // capture range variable
+		t.Run(tc.Profile.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			fp := fetchFingerprint(t, tc.Profile)
+			if fp == nil {
+				return // fetchFingerprint already called t.Fatal
+			}
+
+			t.Logf("Profile: %s", tc.Profile.Name)
+			t.Logf("  JA3:           %s", fp.JA3)
+			t.Logf("  JA3 Hash:      %s", fp.JA3Hash)
+			t.Logf("  JA4:           %s", fp.JA4)
+			t.Logf("  PeetPrint:     %s", fp.PeetPrint)
+			t.Logf("  PeetPrintHash: %s", fp.PeetPrintHash)
+
+			// Verify expectations
+			if tc.ExpectedJA3 != "" {
+				if fp.JA3Hash == tc.ExpectedJA3 {
+					t.Logf("  ✓ JA3 hash matches: %s", tc.ExpectedJA3)
+				} else {
+					t.Errorf("  ✗ JA3 hash mismatch: got %s, expected %s", fp.JA3Hash, tc.ExpectedJA3)
+				}
+			}
+
+			if tc.ExpectedJA4 != "" {
+				if fp.JA4 == tc.ExpectedJA4 {
+					t.Logf("  ✓ JA4 matches: %s", tc.ExpectedJA4)
+				} else {
+					t.Errorf("  ✗ JA4 mismatch: got %s, expected %s", fp.JA4, tc.ExpectedJA4)
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Check JA4 cipher hash (stable middle part)
+			// JA4 format: prefix_cipherHash_extHash
+			if tc.JA4CipherHash != "" {
+				if strings.Contains(fp.JA4, "_"+tc.JA4CipherHash+"_") {
+					t.Logf("  ✓ JA4 cipher hash matches: %s", tc.JA4CipherHash)
+				} else {
+					t.Errorf("  ✗ JA4 cipher hash mismatch: got %s, expected cipher hash %s", fp.JA4, tc.JA4CipherHash)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// fetchFingerprint makes a request to tls.peet.ws and returns the TLS fingerprint info.
+func fetchFingerprint(t *testing.T, profile *Profile) *TLSInfo {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	dialer := NewDialer(profile, nil)
+	client := &http.Client{
+		Transport: &http.Transport{
+			DialTLSContext: dialer.DialTLSContext,
+		},
+		Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://tls.peet.ws/api/all", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create request: %v", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", "Claude Code/2.0.0 Node.js/20.0.0")
+
+	resp, err := client.Do(req)
+	skipIfExternalServiceUnavailable(t, err)
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to read response: %v", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var fpResp FingerprintResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &fpResp); err != nil {
+		t.Logf("Response body: %s", string(body))
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse fingerprint response: %v", err)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return &fpResp.TLS
+}

backend/internal/pkg/tlsfingerprint/dialer_test.go

+// Package tlsfingerprint provides TLS fingerprint simulation for HTTP clients.
+//
+// Unit tests for TLS fingerprint dialer.
+// Integration tests that require external network are in dialer_integration_test.go
+// and require the 'integration' build tag.
+//
+// Run unit tests: go test -v ./internal/pkg/tlsfingerprint/...
+// Run integration tests: go test -v -tags=integration ./internal/pkg/tlsfingerprint/...
+package tlsfingerprint
+
+import (
+	"net/url"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// FingerprintResponse represents the response from tls.peet.ws/api/all.
+type FingerprintResponse struct {
+	IP    string  `json:"ip"`
+	TLS   TLSInfo `json:"tls"`
+	HTTP2 any     `json:"http2"`
+}
+
+// TLSInfo contains TLS fingerprint details.
+type TLSInfo struct {
+	JA3           string `json:"ja3"`
+	JA3Hash       string `json:"ja3_hash"`
+	JA4           string `json:"ja4"`
+	PeetPrint     string `json:"peetprint"`
+	PeetPrintHash string `json:"peetprint_hash"`
+	ClientRandom  string `json:"client_random"`
+	SessionID     string `json:"session_id"`
+}
+
+// TestDialerWithProfile tests that different profiles produce different fingerprints.
+func TestDialerWithProfile(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create two dialers with different profiles
+	profile1 := &Profile{
+		Name:         "Profile 1 - No GREASE",
+		EnableGREASE: false,
+	}
+	profile2 := &Profile{
+		Name:         "Profile 2 - With GREASE",
+		EnableGREASE: true,
+	}
+
+	dialer1 := NewDialer(profile1, nil)
+	dialer2 := NewDialer(profile2, nil)
+
+	// Build specs and compare
+	// Note: We can't directly compare JA3 without making network requests
+	// but we can verify the specs are different
+	spec1 := dialer1.buildClientHelloSpec()
+	spec2 := dialer2.buildClientHelloSpec()
+
+	// Profile with GREASE should have more extensions
+	if len(spec2.Extensions) <= len(spec1.Extensions) {
+		t.Error("expected GREASE profile to have more extensions")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHTTPProxyDialerBasic tests HTTP proxy dialer creation.
+// Note: This is a unit test - actual proxy testing requires a proxy server.
+func TestHTTPProxyDialerBasic(t *testing.T) {
+	profile := &Profile{
+		Name:         "Test Profile",
+		EnableGREASE: false,
+	}
+
+	// Test that dialer is created without panic
+	proxyURL := mustParseURL("http://proxy.example.com:8080")
+	dialer := NewHTTPProxyDialer(profile, proxyURL)
+
+	if dialer == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected dialer to be created")
+	}
+	if dialer.profile != profile {
+		t.Error("expected profile to be set")
+	}
+	if dialer.proxyURL != proxyURL {
+		t.Error("expected proxyURL to be set")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSOCKS5ProxyDialerBasic tests SOCKS5 proxy dialer creation.
+// Note: This is a unit test - actual proxy testing requires a proxy server.
+func TestSOCKS5ProxyDialerBasic(t *testing.T) {
+	profile := &Profile{
+		Name:         "Test Profile",
+		EnableGREASE: false,
+	}
+
+	// Test that dialer is created without panic
+	proxyURL := mustParseURL("socks5://proxy.example.com:1080")
+	dialer := NewSOCKS5ProxyDialer(profile, proxyURL)
+
+	if dialer == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected dialer to be created")
+	}
+	if dialer.profile != profile {
+		t.Error("expected profile to be set")
+	}
+	if dialer.proxyURL != proxyURL {
+		t.Error("expected proxyURL to be set")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBuildClientHelloSpec tests ClientHello spec construction.
+func TestBuildClientHelloSpec(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test with nil profile (should use defaults)
+	spec := buildClientHelloSpecFromProfile(nil)
+
+	if len(spec.CipherSuites) == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected cipher suites to be set")
+	}
+	if len(spec.Extensions) == 0 {
+		t.Error("expected extensions to be set")
+	}
+
+	// Verify default cipher suites are used
+	if len(spec.CipherSuites) != len(defaultCipherSuites) {
+		t.Errorf("expected %d cipher suites, got %d", len(defaultCipherSuites), len(spec.CipherSuites))
+	}
+
+	// Test with custom profile
+	customProfile := &Profile{
+		Name:         "Custom",
+		EnableGREASE: false,
+		CipherSuites: []uint16{0x1301, 0x1302},
+	}
+	spec = buildClientHelloSpecFromProfile(customProfile)
+
+	if len(spec.CipherSuites) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 2 cipher suites, got %d", len(spec.CipherSuites))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestToUTLSCurves tests curve ID conversion.
+func TestToUTLSCurves(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []uint16{0x001d, 0x0017, 0x0018}
+	result := toUTLSCurves(input)
+
+	if len(result) != len(input) {
+		t.Errorf("expected %d curves, got %d", len(input), len(result))
+	}
+
+	for i, curve := range result {
+		if uint16(curve) != input[i] {
+			t.Errorf("curve %d: expected 0x%04x, got 0x%04x", i, input[i], uint16(curve))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Helper function to parse URL without error handling.
+func mustParseURL(rawURL string) *url.URL {
+	u, err := url.Parse(rawURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return u
+}

backend/internal/pkg/tlsfingerprint/registry.go

+// Package tlsfingerprint provides TLS fingerprint simulation for HTTP clients.
+package tlsfingerprint
+
+import (
+	"log/slog"
+	"sort"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
+)
+
+// DefaultProfileName is the name of the built-in Claude CLI profile.
+const DefaultProfileName = "claude_cli_v2"
+
+// Registry manages TLS fingerprint profiles.
+// It holds a collection of profiles that can be used for TLS fingerprint simulation.
+// Profiles are selected based on account ID using modulo operation.
+type Registry struct {
+	mu           sync.RWMutex
+	profiles     map[string]*Profile
+	profileNames []string // Sorted list of profile names for deterministic selection
+}
+
+// NewRegistry creates a new TLS fingerprint profile registry.
+// It initializes with the built-in default profile.
+func NewRegistry() *Registry {
+	r := &Registry{
+		profiles:     make(map[string]*Profile),
+		profileNames: make([]string, 0),
+	}
+
+	// Register the built-in default profile
+	r.registerBuiltinProfile()
+
+	return r
+}
+
+// NewRegistryFromConfig creates a new registry and loads profiles from config.
+// If the config has custom profiles defined, they will be merged with the built-in default.
+func NewRegistryFromConfig(cfg *config.TLSFingerprintConfig) *Registry {
+	r := NewRegistry()
+
+	if cfg == nil || !cfg.Enabled {
+		slog.Debug("tls_registry_disabled", "reason", "disabled or no config")
+		return r
+	}
+
+	// Load custom profiles from config
+	for name, profileCfg := range cfg.Profiles {
+		profile := &Profile{
+			Name:         profileCfg.Name,
+			EnableGREASE: profileCfg.EnableGREASE,
+			CipherSuites: profileCfg.CipherSuites,
+			Curves:       profileCfg.Curves,
+			PointFormats: profileCfg.PointFormats,
+		}
+
+		// If the profile has empty values, they will use defaults in dialer
+		r.RegisterProfile(name, profile)
+		slog.Debug("tls_registry_loaded_profile", "key", name, "name", profileCfg.Name)
+	}
+
+	slog.Debug("tls_registry_initialized", "profile_count", len(r.profileNames), "profiles", r.profileNames)
+	return r
+}
+
+// registerBuiltinProfile adds the default Claude CLI profile to the registry.
+func (r *Registry) registerBuiltinProfile() {
+	defaultProfile := &Profile{
+		Name:         "Claude CLI 2.x (Node.js 20.x + OpenSSL 3.x)",
+		EnableGREASE: false, // Node.js does not use GREASE
+		// Empty slices will cause dialer to use built-in defaults
+		CipherSuites: nil,
+		Curves:       nil,
+		PointFormats: nil,
+	}
+	r.RegisterProfile(DefaultProfileName, defaultProfile)
+}
+
+// RegisterProfile adds or updates a profile in the registry.
+func (r *Registry) RegisterProfile(name string, profile *Profile) {
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	defer r.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Check if this is a new profile
+	_, exists := r.profiles[name]
+	r.profiles[name] = profile
+
+	if !exists {
+		r.profileNames = append(r.profileNames, name)
+		// Keep names sorted for deterministic selection
+		sort.Strings(r.profileNames)
+	}
+}
+
+// GetProfile returns a profile by name.
+// Returns nil if the profile does not exist.
+func (r *Registry) GetProfile(name string) *Profile {
+	r.mu.RLock()
+	defer r.mu.RUnlock()
+	return r.profiles[name]
+}
+
+// GetDefaultProfile returns the built-in default profile.
+func (r *Registry) GetDefaultProfile() *Profile {
+	return r.GetProfile(DefaultProfileName)
+}
+
+// GetProfileByAccountID returns a profile for the given account ID.
+// The profile is selected using: profileNames[accountID % len(profiles)]
+// This ensures deterministic profile assignment for each account.
+func (r *Registry) GetProfileByAccountID(accountID int64) *Profile {
+	r.mu.RLock()
+	defer r.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	if len(r.profileNames) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Use modulo to select profile index
+	// Use absolute value to handle negative IDs (though unlikely)
+	idx := accountID
+	if idx < 0 {
+		idx = -idx
+	}
+	selectedIndex := int(idx % int64(len(r.profileNames)))
+	selectedName := r.profileNames[selectedIndex]
+
+	return r.profiles[selectedName]
+}
+
+// ProfileCount returns the number of registered profiles.
+func (r *Registry) ProfileCount() int {
+	r.mu.RLock()
+	defer r.mu.RUnlock()
+	return len(r.profiles)
+}
+
+// ProfileNames returns a sorted list of all registered profile names.
+func (r *Registry) ProfileNames() []string {
+	r.mu.RLock()
+	defer r.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	// Return a copy to prevent modification
+	names := make([]string, len(r.profileNames))
+	copy(names, r.profileNames)
+	return names
+}
+
+// Global registry instance for convenience
+var globalRegistry *Registry
+var globalRegistryOnce sync.Once
+
+// GlobalRegistry returns the global TLS fingerprint registry.
+// The registry is lazily initialized with the default profile.
+func GlobalRegistry() *Registry {
+	globalRegistryOnce.Do(func() {
+		globalRegistry = NewRegistry()
+	})
+	return globalRegistry
+}
+
+// InitGlobalRegistry initializes the global registry with configuration.
+// This should be called during application startup.
+// It is safe to call multiple times; subsequent calls will update the registry.
+func InitGlobalRegistry(cfg *config.TLSFingerprintConfig) *Registry {
+	globalRegistryOnce.Do(func() {
+		globalRegistry = NewRegistryFromConfig(cfg)
+	})
+	return globalRegistry
+}