Merge PR #37: Add Gemini OAuth and Messages Compat Support

backend/internal/repository/geminicli_codeassist_client.go

+package repository
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/geminicli"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+
+	"github.com/imroc/req/v3"
+)
+
+type geminiCliCodeAssistClient struct {
+	baseURL string
+}
+
+func NewGeminiCliCodeAssistClient() service.GeminiCliCodeAssistClient {
+	return &geminiCliCodeAssistClient{baseURL: geminicli.GeminiCliBaseURL}
+}
+
+func (c *geminiCliCodeAssistClient) LoadCodeAssist(ctx context.Context, accessToken, proxyURL string, reqBody *geminicli.LoadCodeAssistRequest) (*geminicli.LoadCodeAssistResponse, error) {
+	if reqBody == nil {
+		reqBody = defaultLoadCodeAssistRequest()
+	}
+
+	var out geminicli.LoadCodeAssistResponse
+	resp, err := createGeminiCliReqClient(proxyURL).R().
+		SetContext(ctx).
+		SetHeader("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken).
+		SetHeader("Content-Type", "application/json").
+		SetHeader("User-Agent", geminicli.GeminiCLIUserAgent).
+		SetBody(reqBody).
+		SetSuccessResult(&out).
+		Post(c.baseURL + "/v1internal:loadCodeAssist")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("[CodeAssist] LoadCodeAssist request error: %v\n", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("request failed: %w", err)
+	}
+	if !resp.IsSuccessState() {
+		body := geminicli.SanitizeBodyForLogs(resp.String())
+		fmt.Printf("[CodeAssist] LoadCodeAssist failed: status %d, body: %s\n", resp.StatusCode, body)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("loadCodeAssist failed: status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, body)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("[CodeAssist] LoadCodeAssist success: status %d, response: %+v\n", resp.StatusCode, out)
+	return &out, nil
+}
+
+func (c *geminiCliCodeAssistClient) OnboardUser(ctx context.Context, accessToken, proxyURL string, reqBody *geminicli.OnboardUserRequest) (*geminicli.OnboardUserResponse, error) {
+	if reqBody == nil {
+		reqBody = defaultOnboardUserRequest()
+	}
+
+	fmt.Printf("[CodeAssist] OnboardUser request body: %+v\n", reqBody)
+
+	var out geminicli.OnboardUserResponse
+	resp, err := createGeminiCliReqClient(proxyURL).R().
+		SetContext(ctx).
+		SetHeader("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken).
+		SetHeader("Content-Type", "application/json").
+		SetHeader("User-Agent", geminicli.GeminiCLIUserAgent).
+		SetBody(reqBody).
+		SetSuccessResult(&out).
+		Post(c.baseURL + "/v1internal:onboardUser")
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("[CodeAssist] OnboardUser request error: %v\n", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("request failed: %w", err)
+	}
+	if !resp.IsSuccessState() {
+		body := geminicli.SanitizeBodyForLogs(resp.String())
+		fmt.Printf("[CodeAssist] OnboardUser failed: status %d, body: %s\n", resp.StatusCode, body)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("onboardUser failed: status %d, body: %s", resp.StatusCode, body)
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("[CodeAssist] OnboardUser success: status %d, response: %+v\n", resp.StatusCode, out)
+	return &out, nil
+}
+
+func createGeminiCliReqClient(proxyURL string) *req.Client {
+	client := req.C().SetTimeout(30 * time.Second)
+	if proxyURL != "" {
+		client.SetProxyURL(proxyURL)
+	}
+	return client
+}
+
+func defaultLoadCodeAssistRequest() *geminicli.LoadCodeAssistRequest {
+	return &geminicli.LoadCodeAssistRequest{
+		Metadata: geminicli.LoadCodeAssistMetadata{
+			IDEType:    "ANTIGRAVITY",
+			Platform:   "PLATFORM_UNSPECIFIED",
+			PluginType: "GEMINI",
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func defaultOnboardUserRequest() *geminicli.OnboardUserRequest {
+	return &geminicli.OnboardUserRequest{
+		TierID: "LEGACY",
+		Metadata: geminicli.LoadCodeAssistMetadata{
+			IDEType:    "ANTIGRAVITY",
+			Platform:   "PLATFORM_UNSPECIFIED",
+			PluginType: "GEMINI",
+		},
+	}
+}

backend/internal/repository/pricing_service_test.go

@@ -120,10 +120,9 @@ func (s *PricingServiceSuite) TestFetchHashText_WhitespaceOnly() {
 
 func (s *PricingServiceSuite) TestFetchPricingJSON_ContextCancel() {
 	started := make(chan struct{})
-	block := make(chan struct{})
 	s.setupServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		close(started)
-		<-block
+		<-r.Context().Done()
 	}))
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(s.ctx)
@@ -136,7 +135,6 @@ func (s *PricingServiceSuite) TestFetchPricingJSON_ContextCancel() {
 
 	<-started
 	cancel()
-	close(block)
 
 	err := <-done
 	require.Error(s.T(), err)

backend/internal/repository/wire.go

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
 	NewIdentityCache,
 	NewRedeemCache,
 	NewUpdateCache,
+	NewGeminiTokenCache,
 
 	// HTTP service ports (DI Strategy A: return interface directly)
 	NewTurnstileVerifier,
@@ -35,4 +36,6 @@ var ProviderSet = wire.NewSet(
 	NewClaudeOAuthClient,
 	NewHTTPUpstream,
 	NewOpenAIOAuthClient,
+	NewGeminiOAuthClient,
+	NewGeminiCliCodeAssistClient,
 )

backend/internal/server/http.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/handler"
 	middleware2 "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/server/middleware"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 	"github.com/google/wire"
@@ -25,6 +26,8 @@ func ProvideRouter(
 	jwtAuth middleware2.JWTAuthMiddleware,
 	adminAuth middleware2.AdminAuthMiddleware,
 	apiKeyAuth middleware2.ApiKeyAuthMiddleware,
+	apiKeyService *service.ApiKeyService,
+	subscriptionService *service.SubscriptionService,
 ) *gin.Engine {
 	if cfg.Server.Mode == "release" {
 		gin.SetMode(gin.ReleaseMode)
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ func ProvideRouter(
 	r := gin.New()
 	r.Use(middleware2.Recovery())
 
-	return SetupRouter(r, handlers, jwtAuth, adminAuth, apiKeyAuth)
+	return SetupRouter(r, handlers, jwtAuth, adminAuth, apiKeyAuth, apiKeyService, subscriptionService)
 }
 
 // ProvideHTTPServer 提供 HTTP 服务器

backend/internal/server/middleware/api_key_auth.go

@@ -35,9 +35,24 @@ func apiKeyAuthWithSubscription(apiKeyService *service.ApiKeyService, subscripti
 			apiKeyString = c.GetHeader("x-api-key")
 		}
 
-		// 如果两个header都没有API key
+		// 如果x-api-key header中没有，尝试从x-goog-api-key header中提取（Gemini CLI兼容）
 		if apiKeyString == "" {
-			AbortWithError(c, 401, "API_KEY_REQUIRED", "API key is required in Authorization header (Bearer scheme) or x-api-key header")
+			apiKeyString = c.GetHeader("x-goog-api-key")
+		}
+
+		// 如果header中没有，尝试从query参数中提取（Google API key风格）
+		if apiKeyString == "" {
+			apiKeyString = c.Query("key")
+		}
+
+		// 兼容常见别名
+		if apiKeyString == "" {
+			apiKeyString = c.Query("api_key")
+		}
+
+		// 如果所有header都没有API key
+		if apiKeyString == "" {
+			AbortWithError(c, 401, "API_KEY_REQUIRED", "API key is required in Authorization header (Bearer scheme), x-api-key header, x-goog-api-key header, or key/api_key query parameter")
 			return
 		}
 

backend/internal/server/middleware/api_key_auth_google.go

+package middleware
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/googleapi"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+)
+
+// ApiKeyAuthGoogle is a Google-style error wrapper for API key auth.
+func ApiKeyAuthGoogle(apiKeyService *service.ApiKeyService) gin.HandlerFunc {
+	return ApiKeyAuthWithSubscriptionGoogle(apiKeyService, nil)
+}
+
+// ApiKeyAuthWithSubscriptionGoogle behaves like ApiKeyAuthWithSubscription but returns Google-style errors:
+// {"error":{"code":401,"message":"...","status":"UNAUTHENTICATED"}}
+//
+// It is intended for Gemini native endpoints (/v1beta) to match Gemini SDK expectations.
+func ApiKeyAuthWithSubscriptionGoogle(apiKeyService *service.ApiKeyService, subscriptionService *service.SubscriptionService) gin.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(c *gin.Context) {
+		apiKeyString := extractAPIKeyFromRequest(c)
+		if apiKeyString == "" {
+			abortWithGoogleError(c, 401, "API key is required")
+			return
+		}
+
+		apiKey, err := apiKeyService.GetByKey(c.Request.Context(), apiKeyString)
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, gorm.ErrRecordNotFound) {
+				abortWithGoogleError(c, 401, "Invalid API key")
+				return
+			}
+			abortWithGoogleError(c, 500, "Failed to validate API key")
+			return
+		}
+
+		if !apiKey.IsActive() {
+			abortWithGoogleError(c, 401, "API key is disabled")
+			return
+		}
+		if apiKey.User == nil {
+			abortWithGoogleError(c, 401, "User associated with API key not found")
+			return
+		}
+		if !apiKey.User.IsActive() {
+			abortWithGoogleError(c, 401, "User account is not active")
+			return
+		}
+
+		isSubscriptionType := apiKey.Group != nil && apiKey.Group.IsSubscriptionType()
+		if isSubscriptionType && subscriptionService != nil {
+			subscription, err := subscriptionService.GetActiveSubscription(
+				c.Request.Context(),
+				apiKey.User.ID,
+				apiKey.Group.ID,
+			)
+			if err != nil {
+				abortWithGoogleError(c, 403, "No active subscription found for this group")
+				return
+			}
+			if err := subscriptionService.ValidateSubscription(c.Request.Context(), subscription); err != nil {
+				abortWithGoogleError(c, 403, err.Error())
+				return
+			}
+			_ = subscriptionService.CheckAndActivateWindow(c.Request.Context(), subscription)
+			_ = subscriptionService.CheckAndResetWindows(c.Request.Context(), subscription)
+			if err := subscriptionService.CheckUsageLimits(c.Request.Context(), subscription, apiKey.Group, 0); err != nil {
+				abortWithGoogleError(c, 429, err.Error())
+				return
+			}
+			c.Set(string(ContextKeySubscription), subscription)
+		} else {
+			if apiKey.User.Balance <= 0 {
+				abortWithGoogleError(c, 403, "Insufficient account balance")
+				return
+			}
+		}
+
+		c.Set(string(ContextKeyApiKey), apiKey)
+		c.Set(string(ContextKeyUser), apiKey.User)
+		c.Next()
+	}
+}
+
+func extractAPIKeyFromRequest(c *gin.Context) string {
+	authHeader := c.GetHeader("Authorization")
+	if authHeader != "" {
+		parts := strings.SplitN(authHeader, " ", 2)
+		if len(parts) == 2 && parts[0] == "Bearer" && strings.TrimSpace(parts[1]) != "" {
+			return strings.TrimSpace(parts[1])
+		}
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.GetHeader("x-api-key")); v != "" {
+		return v
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.GetHeader("x-goog-api-key")); v != "" {
+		return v
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("key")); v != "" {
+		return v
+	}
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(c.Query("api_key")); v != "" {
+		return v
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func abortWithGoogleError(c *gin.Context, status int, message string) {
+	c.JSON(status, gin.H{
+		"error": gin.H{
+			"code":    status,
+			"message": message,
+			"status":  googleapi.HTTPStatusToGoogleStatus(status),
+		},
+	})
+	c.Abort()
+}

backend/internal/server/router.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/handler"
 	middleware2 "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/server/middleware"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/server/routes"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/web"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
@@ -16,6 +17,8 @@ func SetupRouter(
 	jwtAuth middleware2.JWTAuthMiddleware,
 	adminAuth middleware2.AdminAuthMiddleware,
 	apiKeyAuth middleware2.ApiKeyAuthMiddleware,
+	apiKeyService *service.ApiKeyService,
+	subscriptionService *service.SubscriptionService,
 ) *gin.Engine {
 	// 应用中间件
 	r.Use(middleware2.Logger())
@@ -27,7 +30,7 @@ func SetupRouter(
 	}
 
 	// 注册路由
-	registerRoutes(r, handlers, jwtAuth, adminAuth, apiKeyAuth)
+	registerRoutes(r, handlers, jwtAuth, adminAuth, apiKeyAuth, apiKeyService, subscriptionService)
 
 	return r
 }
@@ -39,6 +42,8 @@ func registerRoutes(
 	jwtAuth middleware2.JWTAuthMiddleware,
 	adminAuth middleware2.AdminAuthMiddleware,
 	apiKeyAuth middleware2.ApiKeyAuthMiddleware,
+	apiKeyService *service.ApiKeyService,
+	subscriptionService *service.SubscriptionService,
 ) {
 	// 通用路由（健康检查、状态等）
 	routes.RegisterCommonRoutes(r)
@@ -50,5 +55,5 @@ func registerRoutes(
 	routes.RegisterAuthRoutes(v1, h, jwtAuth)
 	routes.RegisterUserRoutes(v1, h, jwtAuth)
 	routes.RegisterAdminRoutes(v1, h, adminAuth)
-	routes.RegisterGatewayRoutes(r, h, apiKeyAuth)
+	routes.RegisterGatewayRoutes(r, h, apiKeyAuth, apiKeyService, subscriptionService)
 }

backend/internal/server/routes/admin.go

@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ func RegisterAdminRoutes(
 		// OpenAI OAuth
 		registerOpenAIOAuthRoutes(admin, h)
 
+		// Gemini OAuth
+		registerGeminiOAuthRoutes(admin, h)
+
 		// 代理管理
 		registerProxyRoutes(admin, h)
 
@@ -136,6 +139,15 @@ func registerOpenAIOAuthRoutes(admin *gin.RouterGroup, h *handler.Handlers) {
 	}
 }
 
+func registerGeminiOAuthRoutes(admin *gin.RouterGroup, h *handler.Handlers) {
+	gemini := admin.Group("/gemini")
+	{
+		gemini.POST("/oauth/auth-url", h.Admin.GeminiOAuth.GenerateAuthURL)
+		gemini.POST("/oauth/exchange-code", h.Admin.GeminiOAuth.ExchangeCode)
+		gemini.GET("/oauth/capabilities", h.Admin.GeminiOAuth.GetCapabilities)
+	}
+}
+
 func registerProxyRoutes(admin *gin.RouterGroup, h *handler.Handlers) {
 	proxies := admin.Group("/proxies")
 	{

backend/internal/server/routes/gateway.go

@@ -3,15 +3,18 @@ package routes
 import (
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/handler"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/server/middleware"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 )
 
-// RegisterGatewayRoutes 注册 API 网关路由（Claude/OpenAI 兼容）
+// RegisterGatewayRoutes 注册 API 网关路由（Claude/OpenAI/Gemini 兼容）
 func RegisterGatewayRoutes(
 	r *gin.Engine,
 	h *handler.Handlers,
 	apiKeyAuth middleware.ApiKeyAuthMiddleware,
+	apiKeyService *service.ApiKeyService,
+	subscriptionService *service.SubscriptionService,
 ) {
 	// API网关（Claude API兼容）
 	gateway := r.Group("/v1")
@@ -25,6 +28,16 @@ func RegisterGatewayRoutes(
 		gateway.POST("/responses", h.OpenAIGateway.Responses)
 	}
 
+	// Gemini 原生 API 兼容层（Gemini SDK/CLI 直连）
+	gemini := r.Group("/v1beta")
+	gemini.Use(middleware.ApiKeyAuthWithSubscriptionGoogle(apiKeyService, subscriptionService))
+	{
+		gemini.GET("/models", h.Gateway.GeminiV1BetaListModels)
+		gemini.GET("/models/:model", h.Gateway.GeminiV1BetaGetModel)
+		// Gin treats ":" as a param marker, but Gemini uses "{model}:{action}" in the same segment.
+		gemini.POST("/models/*modelAction", h.Gateway.GeminiV1BetaModels)
+	}
+
 	// OpenAI Responses API（不带v1前缀的别名）
 	r.POST("/responses", gin.HandlerFunc(apiKeyAuth), h.OpenAIGateway.Responses)
 }

backend/internal/service/account.go

@@ -70,6 +70,10 @@ func (a *Account) IsOAuth() bool {
 	return a.Type == AccountTypeOAuth || a.Type == AccountTypeSetupToken
 }
 
+func (a *Account) IsGemini() bool {
+	return a.Platform == PlatformGemini
+}
+
 func (a *Account) CanGetUsage() bool {
 	return a.Type == AccountTypeOAuth
 }

backend/internal/service/account_test_service.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package service
 import (
 	"bufio"
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json"
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/claude"
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/geminicli"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/openai"
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
@@ -42,19 +44,27 @@ type TestEvent struct {
 
 // AccountTestService handles account testing operations
 type AccountTestService struct {
-	accountRepo        AccountRepository
-	oauthService       *OAuthService
-	openaiOAuthService *OpenAIOAuthService
-	httpUpstream       HTTPUpstream
+	accountRepo         AccountRepository
+	oauthService        *OAuthService
+	openaiOAuthService  *OpenAIOAuthService
+	geminiTokenProvider *GeminiTokenProvider
+	httpUpstream        HTTPUpstream
 }
 
 // NewAccountTestService creates a new AccountTestService
-func NewAccountTestService(accountRepo AccountRepository, oauthService *OAuthService, openaiOAuthService *OpenAIOAuthService, httpUpstream HTTPUpstream) *AccountTestService {
+func NewAccountTestService(
+	accountRepo AccountRepository,
+	oauthService *OAuthService,
+	openaiOAuthService *OpenAIOAuthService,
+	geminiTokenProvider *GeminiTokenProvider,
+	httpUpstream HTTPUpstream,
+) *AccountTestService {
 	return &AccountTestService{
-		accountRepo:        accountRepo,
-		oauthService:       oauthService,
-		openaiOAuthService: openaiOAuthService,
-		httpUpstream:       httpUpstream,
+		accountRepo:         accountRepo,
+		oauthService:        oauthService,
+		openaiOAuthService:  openaiOAuthService,
+		geminiTokenProvider: geminiTokenProvider,
+		httpUpstream:        httpUpstream,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -127,6 +137,10 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) TestAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, accountID int
 		return s.testOpenAIAccountConnection(c, account, modelID)
 	}
 
+	if account.IsGemini() {
+		return s.testGeminiAccountConnection(c, account, modelID)
+	}
+
 	return s.testClaudeAccountConnection(c, account, modelID)
 }
 
@@ -372,6 +386,252 @@ func (s *AccountTestService) testOpenAIAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, account
 	return s.processOpenAIStream(c, resp.Body)
 }
 
+// testGeminiAccountConnection tests a Gemini account's connection
+func (s *AccountTestService) testGeminiAccountConnection(c *gin.Context, account *Account, modelID string) error {
+	ctx := c.Request.Context()
+
+	// Determine the model to use
+	testModelID := modelID
+	if testModelID == "" {
+		testModelID = geminicli.DefaultTestModel
+	}
+
+	// For API Key accounts with model mapping, map the model
+	if account.Type == AccountTypeApiKey {
+		mapping := account.GetModelMapping()
+		if len(mapping) > 0 {
+			if mappedModel, exists := mapping[testModelID]; exists {
+				testModelID = mappedModel
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Set SSE headers
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Content-Type", "text/event-stream")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "no-cache")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("Connection", "keep-alive")
+	c.Writer.Header().Set("X-Accel-Buffering", "no")
+	c.Writer.Flush()
+
+	// Create test payload (Gemini format)
+	payload := createGeminiTestPayload()
+
+	// Build request based on account type
+	var req *http.Request
+	var err error
+
+	switch account.Type {
+	case AccountTypeApiKey:
+		req, err = s.buildGeminiAPIKeyRequest(ctx, account, testModelID, payload)
+	case AccountTypeOAuth:
+		req, err = s.buildGeminiOAuthRequest(ctx, account, testModelID, payload)
+	default:
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Unsupported account type: %s", account.Type))
+	}
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Failed to build request: %s", err.Error()))
+	}
+
+	// Send test_start event
+	s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_start", Model: testModelID})
+
+	// Get proxy and execute request
+	proxyURL := ""
+	if account.ProxyID != nil && account.Proxy != nil {
+		proxyURL = account.Proxy.URL()
+	}
+
+	resp, err := s.httpUpstream.Do(req, proxyURL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Request failed: %s", err.Error()))
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = resp.Body.Close() }()
+
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+		return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("API returned %d: %s", resp.StatusCode, string(body)))
+	}
+
+	// Process SSE stream
+	return s.processGeminiStream(c, resp.Body)
+}
+
+// buildGeminiAPIKeyRequest builds request for Gemini API Key accounts
+func (s *AccountTestService) buildGeminiAPIKeyRequest(ctx context.Context, account *Account, modelID string, payload []byte) (*http.Request, error) {
+	apiKey := account.GetCredential("api_key")
+	if strings.TrimSpace(apiKey) == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no API key available")
+	}
+
+	baseURL := account.GetCredential("base_url")
+	if baseURL == "" {
+		baseURL = geminicli.AIStudioBaseURL
+	}
+
+	// Use streamGenerateContent for real-time feedback
+	fullURL := fmt.Sprintf("%s/v1beta/models/%s:streamGenerateContent?alt=sse",
+		strings.TrimRight(baseURL, "/"), modelID)
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", fullURL, bytes.NewReader(payload))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	req.Header.Set("x-goog-api-key", apiKey)
+
+	return req, nil
+}
+
+// buildGeminiOAuthRequest builds request for Gemini OAuth accounts
+func (s *AccountTestService) buildGeminiOAuthRequest(ctx context.Context, account *Account, modelID string, payload []byte) (*http.Request, error) {
+	if s.geminiTokenProvider == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("gemini token provider not configured")
+	}
+
+	// Get access token (auto-refreshes if needed)
+	accessToken, err := s.geminiTokenProvider.GetAccessToken(ctx, account)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get access token: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	projectID := strings.TrimSpace(account.GetCredential("project_id"))
+	if projectID == "" {
+		// AI Studio OAuth mode (no project_id): call generativelanguage API directly with Bearer token.
+		baseURL := account.GetCredential("base_url")
+		if strings.TrimSpace(baseURL) == "" {
+			baseURL = geminicli.AIStudioBaseURL
+		}
+		fullURL := fmt.Sprintf("%s/v1beta/models/%s:streamGenerateContent?alt=sse", strings.TrimRight(baseURL, "/"), modelID)
+
+		req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, fullURL, bytes.NewReader(payload))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
+		return req, nil
+	}
+
+	// Wrap payload in Code Assist format
+	var inner map[string]any
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(payload, &inner); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	wrapped := map[string]any{
+		"model":   modelID,
+		"project": projectID,
+		"request": inner,
+	}
+	wrappedBytes, _ := json.Marshal(wrapped)
+
+	fullURL := fmt.Sprintf("%s/v1internal:streamGenerateContent?alt=sse", geminicli.GeminiCliBaseURL)
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "POST", fullURL, bytes.NewReader(wrappedBytes))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+accessToken)
+	req.Header.Set("User-Agent", geminicli.GeminiCLIUserAgent)
+
+	return req, nil
+}
+
+// createGeminiTestPayload creates a minimal test payload for Gemini API
+func createGeminiTestPayload() []byte {
+	payload := map[string]any{
+		"contents": []map[string]any{
+			{
+				"role": "user",
+				"parts": []map[string]any{
+					{"text": "hi"},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		"systemInstruction": map[string]any{
+			"parts": []map[string]any{
+				{"text": "You are a helpful AI assistant."},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	bytes, _ := json.Marshal(payload)
+	return bytes
+}
+
+// processGeminiStream processes SSE stream from Gemini API
+func (s *AccountTestService) processGeminiStream(c *gin.Context, body io.Reader) error {
+	reader := bufio.NewReader(body)
+
+	for {
+		line, err := reader.ReadString('\n')
+		if err != nil {
+			if err == io.EOF {
+				s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_complete", Success: true})
+				return nil
+			}
+			return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, fmt.Sprintf("Stream read error: %s", err.Error()))
+		}
+
+		line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
+		if line == "" || !strings.HasPrefix(line, "data: ") {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		jsonStr := strings.TrimPrefix(line, "data: ")
+		if jsonStr == "[DONE]" {
+			s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_complete", Success: true})
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		var data map[string]any
+		if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(jsonStr), &data); err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Support two Gemini response formats:
+		// - AI Studio: {"candidates": [...]}
+		// - Gemini CLI: {"response": {"candidates": [...]}}
+		if resp, ok := data["response"].(map[string]any); ok && resp != nil {
+			data = resp
+		}
+		if candidates, ok := data["candidates"].([]any); ok && len(candidates) > 0 {
+			if candidate, ok := candidates[0].(map[string]any); ok {
+				// Check for completion
+				if finishReason, ok := candidate["finishReason"].(string); ok && finishReason != "" {
+					s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "test_complete", Success: true})
+					return nil
+				}
+
+				// Extract content
+				if content, ok := candidate["content"].(map[string]any); ok {
+					if parts, ok := content["parts"].([]any); ok {
+						for _, part := range parts {
+							if partMap, ok := part.(map[string]any); ok {
+								if text, ok := partMap["text"].(string); ok && text != "" {
+									s.sendEvent(c, TestEvent{Type: "content", Text: text})
+								}
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Handle errors
+		if errData, ok := data["error"].(map[string]any); ok {
+			errorMsg := "Unknown error"
+			if msg, ok := errData["message"].(string); ok {
+				errorMsg = msg
+			}
+			return s.sendErrorAndEnd(c, errorMsg)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // createOpenAITestPayload creates a test payload for OpenAI Responses API
 func createOpenAITestPayload(modelID string, isOAuth bool) map[string]any {
 	payload := map[string]any{

backend/internal/service/crs_sync_service.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 )
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ type CRSSyncService struct {
 	proxyRepo          ProxyRepository
 	oauthService       *OAuthService
 	openaiOAuthService *OpenAIOAuthService
+	geminiOAuthService *GeminiOAuthService
 }
 
 func NewCRSSyncService(
@@ -25,12 +27,14 @@ func NewCRSSyncService(
 	proxyRepo ProxyRepository,
 	oauthService *OAuthService,
 	openaiOAuthService *OpenAIOAuthService,
+	geminiOAuthService *GeminiOAuthService,
 ) *CRSSyncService {
 	return &CRSSyncService{
 		accountRepo:        accountRepo,
 		proxyRepo:          proxyRepo,
 		oauthService:       oauthService,
 		openaiOAuthService: openaiOAuthService,
+		geminiOAuthService: geminiOAuthService,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -75,6 +79,8 @@ type crsExportResponse struct {
 		ClaudeConsoleAccounts   []crsConsoleAccount         `json:"claudeConsoleAccounts"`
 		OpenAIOAuthAccounts     []crsOpenAIOAuthAccount     `json:"openaiOAuthAccounts"`
 		OpenAIResponsesAccounts []crsOpenAIResponsesAccount `json:"openaiResponsesAccounts"`
+		GeminiOAuthAccounts     []crsGeminiOAuthAccount     `json:"geminiOAuthAccounts"`
+		GeminiAPIKeyAccounts    []crsGeminiAPIKeyAccount    `json:"geminiApiKeyAccounts"`
 	} `json:"data"`
 }
 
@@ -147,6 +153,37 @@ type crsOpenAIOAuthAccount struct {
 	Extra       map[string]any `json:"extra"`
 }
 
+type crsGeminiOAuthAccount struct {
+	Kind        string         `json:"kind"`
+	ID          string         `json:"id"`
+	Name        string         `json:"name"`
+	Description string         `json:"description"`
+	Platform    string         `json:"platform"`
+	AuthType    string         `json:"authType"` // oauth
+	IsActive    bool           `json:"isActive"`
+	Schedulable bool           `json:"schedulable"`
+	Priority    int            `json:"priority"`
+	Status      string         `json:"status"`
+	Proxy       *crsProxy      `json:"proxy"`
+	Credentials map[string]any `json:"credentials"`
+	Extra       map[string]any `json:"extra"`
+}
+
+type crsGeminiAPIKeyAccount struct {
+	Kind        string         `json:"kind"`
+	ID          string         `json:"id"`
+	Name        string         `json:"name"`
+	Description string         `json:"description"`
+	Platform    string         `json:"platform"`
+	IsActive    bool           `json:"isActive"`
+	Schedulable bool           `json:"schedulable"`
+	Priority    int            `json:"priority"`
+	Status      string         `json:"status"`
+	Proxy       *crsProxy      `json:"proxy"`
+	Credentials map[string]any `json:"credentials"`
+	Extra       map[string]any `json:"extra"`
+}
+
 func (s *CRSSyncService) SyncFromCRS(ctx context.Context, input SyncFromCRSInput) (*SyncFromCRSResult, error) {
 	baseURL, err := normalizeBaseURL(input.BaseURL)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -174,7 +211,7 @@ func (s *CRSSyncService) SyncFromCRS(ctx context.Context, input SyncFromCRSInput
 		Items: make(
 			[]SyncFromCRSItemResult,
 			0,
-			len(exported.Data.ClaudeAccounts)+len(exported.Data.ClaudeConsoleAccounts)+len(exported.Data.OpenAIOAuthAccounts)+len(exported.Data.OpenAIResponsesAccounts),
+			len(exported.Data.ClaudeAccounts)+len(exported.Data.ClaudeConsoleAccounts)+len(exported.Data.OpenAIOAuthAccounts)+len(exported.Data.OpenAIResponsesAccounts)+len(exported.Data.GeminiOAuthAccounts)+len(exported.Data.GeminiAPIKeyAccounts),
 		),
 	}
 
@@ -678,6 +715,225 @@ func (s *CRSSyncService) SyncFromCRS(ctx context.Context, input SyncFromCRSInput
 		result.Items = append(result.Items, item)
 	}
 
+	// Gemini OAuth -> sub2api gemini oauth
+	for _, src := range exported.Data.GeminiOAuthAccounts {
+		item := SyncFromCRSItemResult{
+			CRSAccountID: src.ID,
+			Kind:         src.Kind,
+			Name:         src.Name,
+		}
+
+		refreshToken, _ := src.Credentials["refresh_token"].(string)
+		if strings.TrimSpace(refreshToken) == "" {
+			item.Action = "failed"
+			item.Error = "missing refresh_token"
+			result.Failed++
+			result.Items = append(result.Items, item)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		proxyID, err := s.mapOrCreateProxy(ctx, input.SyncProxies, &proxies, src.Proxy, fmt.Sprintf("crs-%s", src.Name))
+		if err != nil {
+			item.Action = "failed"
+			item.Error = "proxy sync failed: " + err.Error()
+			result.Failed++
+			result.Items = append(result.Items, item)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		credentials := sanitizeCredentialsMap(src.Credentials)
+		if v, ok := credentials["token_type"].(string); !ok || strings.TrimSpace(v) == "" {
+			credentials["token_type"] = "Bearer"
+		}
+		// Convert expires_at from RFC3339 to Unix seconds string (recommended to keep consistent with GetCredential())
+		if expiresAtStr, ok := credentials["expires_at"].(string); ok && strings.TrimSpace(expiresAtStr) != "" {
+			if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, expiresAtStr); err == nil {
+				credentials["expires_at"] = strconv.FormatInt(t.Unix(), 10)
+			}
+		}
+
+		extra := make(map[string]any)
+		if src.Extra != nil {
+			for k, v := range src.Extra {
+				extra[k] = v
+			}
+		}
+		extra["crs_account_id"] = src.ID
+		extra["crs_kind"] = src.Kind
+		extra["crs_synced_at"] = now
+
+		existing, err := s.accountRepo.GetByCRSAccountID(ctx, src.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			item.Action = "failed"
+			item.Error = "db lookup failed: " + err.Error()
+			result.Failed++
+			result.Items = append(result.Items, item)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if existing == nil {
+			account := &Account{
+				Name:        defaultName(src.Name, src.ID),
+				Platform:    PlatformGemini,
+				Type:        AccountTypeOAuth,
+				Credentials: credentials,
+				Extra:       extra,
+				ProxyID:     proxyID,
+				Concurrency: 3,
+				Priority:    clampPriority(src.Priority),
+				Status:      mapCRSStatus(src.IsActive, src.Status),
+				Schedulable: src.Schedulable,
+			}
+			if err := s.accountRepo.Create(ctx, account); err != nil {
+				item.Action = "failed"
+				item.Error = "create failed: " + err.Error()
+				result.Failed++
+				result.Items = append(result.Items, item)
+				continue
+			}
+			if refreshedCreds := s.refreshOAuthToken(ctx, account); refreshedCreds != nil {
+				account.Credentials = refreshedCreds
+				_ = s.accountRepo.Update(ctx, account)
+			}
+			item.Action = "created"
+			result.Created++
+			result.Items = append(result.Items, item)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		existing.Extra = mergeMap(existing.Extra, extra)
+		existing.Name = defaultName(src.Name, src.ID)
+		existing.Platform = PlatformGemini
+		existing.Type = AccountTypeOAuth
+		existing.Credentials = mergeMap(existing.Credentials, credentials)
+		if proxyID != nil {
+			existing.ProxyID = proxyID
+		}
+		existing.Concurrency = 3
+		existing.Priority = clampPriority(src.Priority)
+		existing.Status = mapCRSStatus(src.IsActive, src.Status)
+		existing.Schedulable = src.Schedulable
+
+		if err := s.accountRepo.Update(ctx, existing); err != nil {
+			item.Action = "failed"
+			item.Error = "update failed: " + err.Error()
+			result.Failed++
+			result.Items = append(result.Items, item)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if refreshedCreds := s.refreshOAuthToken(ctx, existing); refreshedCreds != nil {
+			existing.Credentials = refreshedCreds
+			_ = s.accountRepo.Update(ctx, existing)
+		}
+
+		item.Action = "updated"
+		result.Updated++
+		result.Items = append(result.Items, item)
+	}
+
+	// Gemini API Key -> sub2api gemini apikey
+	for _, src := range exported.Data.GeminiAPIKeyAccounts {
+		item := SyncFromCRSItemResult{
+			CRSAccountID: src.ID,
+			Kind:         src.Kind,
+			Name:         src.Name,
+		}
+
+		apiKey, _ := src.Credentials["api_key"].(string)
+		if strings.TrimSpace(apiKey) == "" {
+			item.Action = "failed"
+			item.Error = "missing api_key"
+			result.Failed++
+			result.Items = append(result.Items, item)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		proxyID, err := s.mapOrCreateProxy(ctx, input.SyncProxies, &proxies, src.Proxy, fmt.Sprintf("crs-%s", src.Name))
+		if err != nil {
+			item.Action = "failed"
+			item.Error = "proxy sync failed: " + err.Error()
+			result.Failed++
+			result.Items = append(result.Items, item)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		credentials := sanitizeCredentialsMap(src.Credentials)
+		if baseURL, ok := credentials["base_url"].(string); !ok || strings.TrimSpace(baseURL) == "" {
+			credentials["base_url"] = "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com"
+		}
+
+		extra := make(map[string]any)
+		if src.Extra != nil {
+			for k, v := range src.Extra {
+				extra[k] = v
+			}
+		}
+		extra["crs_account_id"] = src.ID
+		extra["crs_kind"] = src.Kind
+		extra["crs_synced_at"] = now
+
+		existing, err := s.accountRepo.GetByCRSAccountID(ctx, src.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			item.Action = "failed"
+			item.Error = "db lookup failed: " + err.Error()
+			result.Failed++
+			result.Items = append(result.Items, item)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if existing == nil {
+			account := &Account{
+				Name:        defaultName(src.Name, src.ID),
+				Platform:    PlatformGemini,
+				Type:        AccountTypeApiKey,
+				Credentials: credentials,
+				Extra:       extra,
+				ProxyID:     proxyID,
+				Concurrency: 3,
+				Priority:    clampPriority(src.Priority),
+				Status:      mapCRSStatus(src.IsActive, src.Status),
+				Schedulable: src.Schedulable,
+			}
+			if err := s.accountRepo.Create(ctx, account); err != nil {
+				item.Action = "failed"
+				item.Error = "create failed: " + err.Error()
+				result.Failed++
+				result.Items = append(result.Items, item)
+				continue
+			}
+			item.Action = "created"
+			result.Created++
+			result.Items = append(result.Items, item)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		existing.Extra = mergeMap(existing.Extra, extra)
+		existing.Name = defaultName(src.Name, src.ID)
+		existing.Platform = PlatformGemini
+		existing.Type = AccountTypeApiKey
+		existing.Credentials = mergeMap(existing.Credentials, credentials)
+		if proxyID != nil {
+			existing.ProxyID = proxyID
+		}
+		existing.Concurrency = 3
+		existing.Priority = clampPriority(src.Priority)
+		existing.Status = mapCRSStatus(src.IsActive, src.Status)
+		existing.Schedulable = src.Schedulable
+
+		if err := s.accountRepo.Update(ctx, existing); err != nil {
+			item.Action = "failed"
+			item.Error = "update failed: " + err.Error()
+			result.Failed++
+			result.Items = append(result.Items, item)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		item.Action = "updated"
+		result.Updated++
+		result.Items = append(result.Items, item)
+	}
+
 	return result, nil
 }
 
@@ -944,6 +1200,21 @@ func (s *CRSSyncService) refreshOAuthToken(ctx context.Context, account *Account
 				}
 			}
 		}
+	case PlatformGemini:
+		if s.geminiOAuthService == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		tokenInfo, refreshErr := s.geminiOAuthService.RefreshAccountToken(ctx, account)
+		if refreshErr != nil {
+			err = refreshErr
+		} else {
+			newCredentials = s.geminiOAuthService.BuildAccountCredentials(tokenInfo)
+			for k, v := range account.Credentials {
+				if _, exists := newCredentials[k]; !exists {
+					newCredentials[k] = v
+				}
+			}
+		}
 	default:
 		return nil
 	}

backend/internal/service/gateway_service.go

@@ -320,8 +320,17 @@ func (s *GatewayService) SelectAccountForModel(ctx context.Context, groupID *int
 			selected = acc
 		} else if acc.Priority == selected.Priority {
 			// 优先级相同时，选最久未用的
-			if acc.LastUsedAt == nil || (selected.LastUsedAt != nil && acc.LastUsedAt.Before(*selected.LastUsedAt)) {
+			switch {
+			case acc.LastUsedAt == nil && selected.LastUsedAt != nil:
 				selected = acc
+			case acc.LastUsedAt != nil && selected.LastUsedAt == nil:
+				// keep selected (never used is preferred)
+			case acc.LastUsedAt == nil && selected.LastUsedAt == nil:
+				// keep selected (both never used)
+			default:
+				if acc.LastUsedAt.Before(*selected.LastUsedAt) {
+					selected = acc
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}

backend/internal/service/gemini_oauth.go

+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/geminicli"
+)
+
+// GeminiOAuthClient performs Google OAuth token exchange/refresh for Gemini integration.
+type GeminiOAuthClient interface {
+	ExchangeCode(ctx context.Context, oauthType, code, codeVerifier, redirectURI, proxyURL string) (*geminicli.TokenResponse, error)
+	RefreshToken(ctx context.Context, oauthType, refreshToken, proxyURL string) (*geminicli.TokenResponse, error)
+}

backend/internal/service/gemini_token_cache.go

+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// GeminiTokenCache stores short-lived access tokens and coordinates refresh to avoid stampedes.
+type GeminiTokenCache interface {
+	// cacheKey should be stable for the token scope; for GeminiCli OAuth we primarily use project_id.
+	GetAccessToken(ctx context.Context, cacheKey string) (string, error)
+	SetAccessToken(ctx context.Context, cacheKey string, token string, ttl time.Duration) error
+
+	AcquireRefreshLock(ctx context.Context, cacheKey string, ttl time.Duration) (bool, error)
+	ReleaseRefreshLock(ctx context.Context, cacheKey string) error
+}

backend/internal/service/gemini_token_provider.go

+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"log"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	geminiTokenRefreshSkew = 3 * time.Minute
+	geminiTokenCacheSkew   = 5 * time.Minute
+)
+
+type GeminiTokenProvider struct {
+	accountRepo        AccountRepository
+	tokenCache         GeminiTokenCache
+	geminiOAuthService *GeminiOAuthService
+}
+
+func NewGeminiTokenProvider(
+	accountRepo AccountRepository,
+	tokenCache GeminiTokenCache,
+	geminiOAuthService *GeminiOAuthService,
+) *GeminiTokenProvider {
+	return &GeminiTokenProvider{
+		accountRepo:        accountRepo,
+		tokenCache:         tokenCache,
+		geminiOAuthService: geminiOAuthService,
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *GeminiTokenProvider) GetAccessToken(ctx context.Context, account *Account) (string, error) {
+	if account == nil {
+		return "", errors.New("account is nil")
+	}
+	if account.Platform != PlatformGemini || account.Type != AccountTypeOAuth {
+		return "", errors.New("not a gemini oauth account")
+	}
+
+	cacheKey := geminiTokenCacheKey(account)
+
+	// 1) Try cache first.
+	if p.tokenCache != nil {
+		if token, err := p.tokenCache.GetAccessToken(ctx, cacheKey); err == nil && strings.TrimSpace(token) != "" {
+			return token, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 2) Refresh if needed (pre-expiry skew).
+	expiresAt := parseExpiresAt(account)
+	needsRefresh := expiresAt == nil || time.Until(*expiresAt) <= geminiTokenRefreshSkew
+	if needsRefresh && p.tokenCache != nil {
+		locked, err := p.tokenCache.AcquireRefreshLock(ctx, cacheKey, 30*time.Second)
+		if err == nil && locked {
+			defer func() { _ = p.tokenCache.ReleaseRefreshLock(ctx, cacheKey) }()
+
+			// Re-check after lock (another worker may have refreshed).
+			if token, err := p.tokenCache.GetAccessToken(ctx, cacheKey); err == nil && strings.TrimSpace(token) != "" {
+				return token, nil
+			}
+
+			fresh, err := p.accountRepo.GetByID(ctx, account.ID)
+			if err == nil && fresh != nil {
+				account = fresh
+			}
+			expiresAt = parseExpiresAt(account)
+			if expiresAt == nil || time.Until(*expiresAt) <= geminiTokenRefreshSkew {
+				if p.geminiOAuthService == nil {
+					return "", errors.New("gemini oauth service not configured")
+				}
+				tokenInfo, err := p.geminiOAuthService.RefreshAccountToken(ctx, account)
+				if err != nil {
+					return "", err
+				}
+				newCredentials := p.geminiOAuthService.BuildAccountCredentials(tokenInfo)
+				for k, v := range account.Credentials {
+					if _, exists := newCredentials[k]; !exists {
+						newCredentials[k] = v
+					}
+				}
+				account.Credentials = newCredentials
+				_ = p.accountRepo.Update(ctx, account)
+				expiresAt = parseExpiresAt(account)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	accessToken := account.GetCredential("access_token")
+	if strings.TrimSpace(accessToken) == "" {
+		return "", errors.New("access_token not found in credentials")
+	}
+
+	// project_id is optional now:
+	// - If present: will use Code Assist API (requires project_id)
+	// - If absent: will use AI Studio API with OAuth token (like regular API key mode)
+	// Auto-detect project_id only if explicitly enabled via a credential flag
+	projectID := strings.TrimSpace(account.GetCredential("project_id"))
+	autoDetectProjectID := account.GetCredential("auto_detect_project_id") == "true"
+
+	if projectID == "" && autoDetectProjectID {
+		if p.geminiOAuthService == nil {
+			return accessToken, nil // Fallback to AI Studio API mode
+		}
+
+		var proxyURL string
+		if account.ProxyID != nil && p.geminiOAuthService.proxyRepo != nil {
+			if proxy, err := p.geminiOAuthService.proxyRepo.GetByID(ctx, *account.ProxyID); err == nil && proxy != nil {
+				proxyURL = proxy.URL()
+			}
+		}
+
+		detected, err := p.geminiOAuthService.fetchProjectID(ctx, accessToken, proxyURL)
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[GeminiTokenProvider] Auto-detect project_id failed: %v, fallback to AI Studio API mode", err)
+			return accessToken, nil
+		}
+		detected = strings.TrimSpace(detected)
+		if detected != "" {
+			if account.Credentials == nil {
+				account.Credentials = make(map[string]any)
+			}
+			account.Credentials["project_id"] = detected
+			_ = p.accountRepo.Update(ctx, account)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// 3) Populate cache with TTL.
+	if p.tokenCache != nil {
+		ttl := 30 * time.Minute
+		if expiresAt != nil {
+			until := time.Until(*expiresAt)
+			switch {
+			case until > geminiTokenCacheSkew:
+				ttl = until - geminiTokenCacheSkew
+			case until > 0:
+				ttl = until
+			default:
+				ttl = time.Minute
+			}
+		}
+		_ = p.tokenCache.SetAccessToken(ctx, cacheKey, accessToken, ttl)
+	}
+
+	return accessToken, nil
+}
+
+func geminiTokenCacheKey(account *Account) string {
+	projectID := strings.TrimSpace(account.GetCredential("project_id"))
+	if projectID != "" {
+		return projectID
+	}
+	return "account:" + strconv.FormatInt(account.ID, 10)
+}
+
+func parseExpiresAt(account *Account) *time.Time {
+	raw := strings.TrimSpace(account.GetCredential("expires_at"))
+	if raw == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if unixSec, err := strconv.ParseInt(raw, 10, 64); err == nil && unixSec > 0 {
+		t := time.Unix(unixSec, 0)
+		return &t
+	}
+	if t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, raw); err == nil {
+		return &t
+	}
+	return nil
+}

backend/internal/service/gemini_token_refresher.go

+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+)
+
+type GeminiTokenRefresher struct {
+	geminiOAuthService *GeminiOAuthService
+}
+
+func NewGeminiTokenRefresher(geminiOAuthService *GeminiOAuthService) *GeminiTokenRefresher {
+	return &GeminiTokenRefresher{geminiOAuthService: geminiOAuthService}
+}
+
+func (r *GeminiTokenRefresher) CanRefresh(account *Account) bool {
+	return account.Platform == PlatformGemini && account.Type == AccountTypeOAuth
+}
+
+func (r *GeminiTokenRefresher) NeedsRefresh(account *Account, refreshWindow time.Duration) bool {
+	if !r.CanRefresh(account) {
+		return false
+	}
+	expiresAtStr := account.GetCredential("expires_at")
+	if expiresAtStr == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	expiresAt, err := strconv.ParseInt(expiresAtStr, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	expiryTime := time.Unix(expiresAt, 0)
+	return time.Until(expiryTime) < refreshWindow
+}
+
+func (r *GeminiTokenRefresher) Refresh(ctx context.Context, account *Account) (map[string]any, error) {
+	tokenInfo, err := r.geminiOAuthService.RefreshAccountToken(ctx, account)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	newCredentials := r.geminiOAuthService.BuildAccountCredentials(tokenInfo)
+	for k, v := range account.Credentials {
+		if _, exists := newCredentials[k]; !exists {
+			newCredentials[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+
+	return newCredentials, nil
+}

backend/internal/service/geminicli_codeassist.go

+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/geminicli"
+)
+
+// GeminiCliCodeAssistClient calls GeminiCli internal Code Assist endpoints.
+type GeminiCliCodeAssistClient interface {
+	LoadCodeAssist(ctx context.Context, accessToken, proxyURL string, req *geminicli.LoadCodeAssistRequest) (*geminicli.LoadCodeAssistResponse, error)
+	OnboardUser(ctx context.Context, accessToken, proxyURL string, req *geminicli.OnboardUserRequest) (*geminicli.OnboardUserResponse, error)
+}