Merge pull request #467 from slovx2/main

Antigravity 相关BUG修复及调度优化

backend/internal/service/ops_retry.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/ctxkey"
 	infraerrors "github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 	"github.com/lib/pq"
@@ -476,9 +477,13 @@ func (s *OpsService) executeClientRetry(ctx context.Context, reqType opsRetryReq
 			continue
 		}
 
+		attemptCtx := ctx
+		if switches > 0 {
+			attemptCtx = context.WithValue(attemptCtx, ctxkey.AccountSwitchCount, switches)
+		}
 		exec := func() *opsRetryExecution {
 			defer selection.ReleaseFunc()
-			return s.executeWithAccount(ctx, reqType, errorLog, body, account)
+			return s.executeWithAccount(attemptCtx, reqType, errorLog, body, account)
 		}()
 
 		if exec != nil {

backend/internal/service/ops_trend_models.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ type OpsThroughputTrendPoint struct {
 	BucketStart   time.Time `json:"bucket_start"`
 	RequestCount  int64     `json:"request_count"`
 	TokenConsumed int64     `json:"token_consumed"`
+	SwitchCount   int64     `json:"switch_count"`
 	QPS           float64   `json:"qps"`
 	TPS           float64   `json:"tps"`
 }

backend/internal/service/user_service.go

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ type UserRepository interface {
 	ExistsByEmail(ctx context.Context, email string) (bool, error)
 	RemoveGroupFromAllowedGroups(ctx context.Context, groupID int64) (int64, error)
 
-	// TOTP 相关方法
+	// TOTP 双因素认证
 	UpdateTotpSecret(ctx context.Context, userID int64, encryptedSecret *string) error
 	EnableTotp(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error
 	DisableTotp(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error

backend/migrations/042b_add_ops_system_metrics_switch_count.sql

+-- ops_system_metrics 增加账号切换次数统计（按分钟窗口）
+ALTER TABLE ops_system_metrics
+    ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS account_switch_count BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0;

backend/migrations/043b_add_group_invalid_request_fallback.sql

+-- 043_add_group_invalid_request_fallback.sql
+-- 添加无效请求兜底分组配置
+
+-- 添加 fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request 字段：无效请求兜底使用的分组
+ALTER TABLE groups
+ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request BIGINT REFERENCES groups(id) ON DELETE SET NULL;
+
+-- 添加索引优化查询
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_groups_fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request
+ON groups(fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request) WHERE deleted_at IS NULL AND fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request IS NOT NULL;
+
+-- 添加字段注释
+COMMENT ON COLUMN groups.fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request IS '无效请求兜底使用的分组 ID';

backend/migrations/044b_add_group_mcp_xml_inject.sql

+-- Add mcp_xml_inject field to groups table (for antigravity platform)
+ALTER TABLE groups ADD COLUMN mcp_xml_inject BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT true;

backend/migrations/046b_add_group_supported_model_scopes.sql

+-- 添加分组支持的模型系列字段
+ALTER TABLE groups
+ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS supported_model_scopes JSONB NOT NULL
+DEFAULT '["claude", "gemini_text", "gemini_image"]'::jsonb;
+
+COMMENT ON COLUMN groups.supported_model_scopes IS '支持的模型系列：claude, gemini_text, gemini_image';

docs/rename_local_migrations_20260202.sql

+-- 修正 schema_migrations 中“本地改名”的迁移文件名
+-- 适用场景：你已执行过旧文件名的迁移，合并后仅改了自己这边的文件名
+
+BEGIN;
+
+UPDATE schema_migrations
+SET filename = '042b_add_ops_system_metrics_switch_count.sql'
+WHERE filename = '042_add_ops_system_metrics_switch_count.sql'
+  AND NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM schema_migrations WHERE filename = '042b_add_ops_system_metrics_switch_count.sql'
+  );
+
+UPDATE schema_migrations
+SET filename = '043b_add_group_invalid_request_fallback.sql'
+WHERE filename = '043_add_group_invalid_request_fallback.sql'
+  AND NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM schema_migrations WHERE filename = '043b_add_group_invalid_request_fallback.sql'
+  );
+
+UPDATE schema_migrations
+SET filename = '044b_add_group_mcp_xml_inject.sql'
+WHERE filename = '044_add_group_mcp_xml_inject.sql'
+  AND NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM schema_migrations WHERE filename = '044b_add_group_mcp_xml_inject.sql'
+  );
+
+UPDATE schema_migrations
+SET filename = '046b_add_group_supported_model_scopes.sql'
+WHERE filename = '046_add_group_supported_model_scopes.sql'
+  AND NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM schema_migrations WHERE filename = '046b_add_group_supported_model_scopes.sql'
+  );
+
+COMMIT;

frontend/src/api/admin/ops.ts

@@ -136,6 +136,7 @@ export interface OpsThroughputTrendPoint {
   bucket_start: string
   request_count: number
   token_consumed: number
+  switch_count?: number
   qps: number
   tps: number
 }
@@ -284,6 +285,7 @@ export interface OpsSystemMetricsSnapshot {
 
   goroutine_count?: number | null
   concurrency_queue_depth?: number | null
+  account_switch_count?: number | null
 }
 
 export interface OpsJobHeartbeat {

frontend/src/components/account/AccountStatusIndicator.vue

@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@
         ></div>
       </div>
     </div>
-
     <!-- Rate Limit Indicator (429) -->
     <div v-if="isRateLimited" class="group relative">
       <span

frontend/src/components/account/CreateAccountModal.vue

@@ -614,21 +614,87 @@
         </div>
       </div>
 
-      <!-- Account Type Selection (Antigravity - OAuth only) -->
+      <!-- Account Type Selection (Antigravity - OAuth or Upstream) -->
       <div v-if="form.platform === 'antigravity'">
         <label class="input-label">{{ t('admin.accounts.accountType') }}</label>
-        <div class="mt-2">
+        <div class="mt-2 grid grid-cols-2 gap-3">
+          <button
+            type="button"
+            @click="antigravityAccountType = 'oauth'"
+            :class="[
+              'flex items-center gap-3 rounded-lg border-2 p-3 text-left transition-all',
+              antigravityAccountType === 'oauth'
+                ? 'border-purple-500 bg-purple-50 dark:bg-purple-900/20'
+                : 'border-gray-200 hover:border-purple-300 dark:border-dark-600 dark:hover:border-purple-700'
+            ]"
+          >
             <div
-            class="flex items-center gap-3 rounded-lg border-2 border-purple-500 bg-purple-50 p-3 dark:bg-purple-900/20"
+              :class="[
+                'flex h-8 w-8 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-lg',
+                antigravityAccountType === 'oauth'
+                  ? 'bg-purple-500 text-white'
+                  : 'bg-gray-100 text-gray-500 dark:bg-dark-600 dark:text-gray-400'
+              ]"
             >
-            <div class="flex h-8 w-8 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-lg bg-purple-500 text-white">
               <Icon name="key" size="sm" />
             </div>
             <div>
               <span class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-900 dark:text-white">OAuth</span>
               <span class="text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">{{ t('admin.accounts.types.antigravityOauth') }}</span>
             </div>
+          </button>
+
+          <button
+            type="button"
+            @click="antigravityAccountType = 'upstream'"
+            :class="[
+              'flex items-center gap-3 rounded-lg border-2 p-3 text-left transition-all',
+              antigravityAccountType === 'upstream'
+                ? 'border-purple-500 bg-purple-50 dark:bg-purple-900/20'
+                : 'border-gray-200 hover:border-purple-300 dark:border-dark-600 dark:hover:border-purple-700'
+            ]"
+          >
+            <div
+              :class="[
+                'flex h-8 w-8 shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-lg',
+                antigravityAccountType === 'upstream'
+                  ? 'bg-purple-500 text-white'
+                  : 'bg-gray-100 text-gray-500 dark:bg-dark-600 dark:text-gray-400'
+              ]"
+            >
+              <Icon name="cloud" size="sm" />
+            </div>
+            <div>
+              <span class="block text-sm font-medium text-gray-900 dark:text-white">{{ t('admin.accounts.types.upstream') }}</span>
+              <span class="text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">{{ t('admin.accounts.types.upstreamDesc') }}</span>
+            </div>
+          </button>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+
+      <!-- Upstream config (only for Antigravity upstream type) -->
+      <div v-if="form.platform === 'antigravity' && antigravityAccountType === 'upstream'" class="space-y-4">
+        <div>
+          <label class="input-label">{{ t('admin.accounts.upstream.baseUrl') }}</label>
+          <input
+            v-model="upstreamBaseUrl"
+            type="text"
+            required
+            class="input"
+            placeholder="https://s.konstants.xyz"
+          />
+          <p class="input-hint">{{ t('admin.accounts.upstream.baseUrlHint') }}</p>
         </div>
+        <div>
+          <label class="input-label">{{ t('admin.accounts.upstream.apiKey') }}</label>
+          <input
+            v-model="upstreamApiKey"
+            type="password"
+            required
+            class="input font-mono"
+            placeholder="sk-..."
+          />
+          <p class="input-hint">{{ t('admin.accounts.upstream.apiKeyHint') }}</p>
         </div>
       </div>
 
@@ -1953,6 +2019,9 @@ const customErrorCodeInput = ref<number | null>(null)
 const interceptWarmupRequests = ref(false)
 const autoPauseOnExpired = ref(true)
 const mixedScheduling = ref(false) // For antigravity accounts: enable mixed scheduling
+const antigravityAccountType = ref<'oauth' | 'upstream'>('oauth') // For antigravity: oauth or upstream
+const upstreamBaseUrl = ref('') // For upstream type: base URL
+const upstreamApiKey = ref('') // For upstream type: API key
 const tempUnschedEnabled = ref(false)
 const tempUnschedRules = ref<TempUnschedRuleForm[]>([])
 const geminiOAuthType = ref<'code_assist' | 'google_one' | 'ai_studio'>('google_one')
@@ -2055,7 +2124,13 @@ const form = reactive({
 })
 
 // Helper to check if current type needs OAuth flow
-const isOAuthFlow = computed(() => accountCategory.value === 'oauth-based')
+const isOAuthFlow = computed(() => {
+  // Antigravity upstream 类型不需要 OAuth 流程
+  if (form.platform === 'antigravity' && antigravityAccountType.value === 'upstream') {
+    return false
+  }
+  return accountCategory.value === 'oauth-based'
+})
 
 const isManualInputMethod = computed(() => {
   return oauthFlowRef.value?.inputMethod === 'manual'
@@ -2095,10 +2170,15 @@ watch(
   }
 )
 
-// Sync form.type based on accountCategory and addMethod
+// Sync form.type based on accountCategory, addMethod, and antigravityAccountType
 watch(
-  [accountCategory, addMethod],
-  ([category, method]) => {
+  [accountCategory, addMethod, antigravityAccountType],
+  ([category, method, agType]) => {
+    // Antigravity upstream 类型
+    if (form.platform === 'antigravity' && agType === 'upstream') {
+      form.type = 'upstream'
+      return
+    }
     if (category === 'oauth-based') {
       form.type = method as AccountType // 'oauth' or 'setup-token'
     } else {
@@ -2126,9 +2206,10 @@ watch(
     if (newPlatform !== 'anthropic') {
       interceptWarmupRequests.value = false
     }
-    // Antigravity only supports OAuth
+    // Antigravity: reset to OAuth by default, but allow upstream selection
     if (newPlatform === 'antigravity') {
       accountCategory.value = 'oauth-based'
+      antigravityAccountType.value = 'oauth'
     }
     // Reset OAuth states
     oauth.resetState()
@@ -2361,6 +2442,9 @@ const resetForm = () => {
   sessionIdleTimeout.value = null
   tlsFingerprintEnabled.value = false
   sessionIdMaskingEnabled.value = false
+  antigravityAccountType.value = 'oauth'
+  upstreamBaseUrl.value = ''
+  upstreamApiKey.value = ''
   tempUnschedEnabled.value = false
   tempUnschedRules.value = []
   geminiOAuthType.value = 'code_assist'
@@ -2442,6 +2526,36 @@ const handleSubmit = async () => {
     return
   }
 
+  // For Antigravity upstream type, create directly
+  if (form.platform === 'antigravity' && antigravityAccountType.value === 'upstream') {
+    if (!form.name.trim()) {
+      appStore.showError(t('admin.accounts.pleaseEnterAccountName'))
+      return
+    }
+    if (!upstreamBaseUrl.value.trim()) {
+      appStore.showError(t('admin.accounts.upstream.pleaseEnterBaseUrl'))
+      return
+    }
+    if (!upstreamApiKey.value.trim()) {
+      appStore.showError(t('admin.accounts.upstream.pleaseEnterApiKey'))
+      return
+    }
+
+    submitting.value = true
+    try {
+      const credentials: Record<string, unknown> = {
+        base_url: upstreamBaseUrl.value.trim(),
+        api_key: upstreamApiKey.value.trim()
+      }
+      await createAccountAndFinish(form.platform, 'upstream', credentials)
+    } catch (error: any) {
+      appStore.showError(error.response?.data?.detail || t('admin.accounts.failedToCreate'))
+    } finally {
+      submitting.value = false
+    }
+    return
+  }
+
   // For apikey type, create directly
   if (!apiKeyValue.value.trim()) {
     appStore.showError(t('admin.accounts.pleaseEnterApiKey'))

frontend/src/components/admin/usage/UsageTable.vue

@@ -238,14 +238,14 @@
   </Teleport>
 </template>
 
-  <script setup lang="ts">
-  import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
-  import { useI18n } from 'vue-i18n'
-  import { formatDateTime, formatReasoningEffort } from '@/utils/format'
-  import DataTable from '@/components/common/DataTable.vue'
-  import EmptyState from '@/components/common/EmptyState.vue'
-  import Icon from '@/components/icons/Icon.vue'
-  import type { AdminUsageLog } from '@/types'
+<script setup lang="ts">
+import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
+import { useI18n } from 'vue-i18n'
+import { formatDateTime, formatReasoningEffort } from '@/utils/format'
+import DataTable from '@/components/common/DataTable.vue'
+import EmptyState from '@/components/common/EmptyState.vue'
+import Icon from '@/components/icons/Icon.vue'
+import type { AdminUsageLog } from '@/types'
 
 defineProps(['data', 'loading'])
 const { t } = useI18n()

frontend/src/i18n/locales/en.ts

@@ -1054,6 +1054,11 @@ export default {
         fallbackHint: 'Non-Claude Code requests will use this group. Leave empty to reject directly.',
         noFallback: 'No Fallback (Reject)'
       },
+      invalidRequestFallback: {
+        title: 'Invalid Request Fallback Group',
+        hint: 'Triggered only when upstream explicitly returns prompt too long. Leave empty to disable fallback.',
+        noFallback: 'No Fallback'
+      },
       copyAccounts: {
         title: 'Copy Accounts from Groups',
         tooltip: 'Select one or more groups of the same platform. After creation, all accounts from these groups will be automatically bound to the new group (deduplicated).',
@@ -1081,6 +1086,20 @@ export default {
         noRulesHint: 'Add routing rules to route specific model requests to designated accounts',
         searchAccountPlaceholder: 'Search accounts...',
         accountsHint: 'Select accounts to prioritize for this model pattern'
+      },
+      mcpXml: {
+        title: 'MCP XML Protocol Injection',
+        tooltip: 'When enabled, if the request contains MCP tools, an XML format call protocol prompt will be injected into the system prompt. Disable this to avoid interference with certain clients.',
+        enabled: 'Enabled',
+        disabled: 'Disabled'
+      },
+      supportedScopes: {
+        title: 'Supported Model Families',
+        tooltip: 'Select the model families this group supports. Unchecked families will not be routed to this group.',
+        claude: 'Claude',
+        geminiText: 'Gemini Text',
+        geminiImage: 'Gemini Image',
+        hint: 'Select at least one model family'
       }
     },
 
@@ -1220,7 +1239,9 @@ export default {
         responsesApi: 'Responses API',
         googleOauth: 'Google OAuth',
         codeAssist: 'Code Assist',
-        antigravityOauth: 'Antigravity OAuth'
+        antigravityOauth: 'Antigravity OAuth',
+        upstream: 'Upstream',
+        upstreamDesc: 'Connect via Base URL + API Key'
       },
       status: {
         active: 'Active',
@@ -1480,6 +1501,15 @@ export default {
       pleaseEnterApiKey: 'Please enter API Key',
       apiKeyIsRequired: 'API Key is required',
       leaveEmptyToKeep: 'Leave empty to keep current key',
+      // Upstream type
+      upstream: {
+        baseUrl: 'Upstream Base URL',
+        baseUrlHint: 'The address of the upstream Antigravity service, e.g., https://s.konstants.xyz',
+        apiKey: 'Upstream API Key',
+        apiKeyHint: 'API Key for the upstream service',
+        pleaseEnterBaseUrl: 'Please enter upstream Base URL',
+        pleaseEnterApiKey: 'Please enter upstream API Key'
+      },
       // OAuth flow
       oauth: {
         title: 'Claude Account Authorization',
@@ -2230,6 +2260,7 @@ export default {
       waiting: 'waiting',
       conns: 'conns',
       queue: 'queue',
+      accountSwitches: 'Account switches',
       ok: 'ok',
       lastRun: 'last_run:',
       lastSuccess: 'last_success:',
@@ -2278,6 +2309,7 @@ export default {
       failedToLoadData: 'Failed to load ops data.',
       failedToLoadOverview: 'Failed to load overview',
       failedToLoadThroughputTrend: 'Failed to load throughput trend',
+      failedToLoadSwitchTrend: 'Failed to load avg account switches trend',
       failedToLoadLatencyHistogram: 'Failed to load request duration histogram',
       failedToLoadErrorTrend: 'Failed to load error trend',
       failedToLoadErrorDistribution: 'Failed to load error distribution',
@@ -2286,9 +2318,11 @@ export default {
       tpsK: 'TPS (K)',
       top: 'Top:',
       throughputTrend: 'Throughput Trend',
+      switchRateTrend: 'Avg Account Switches',
       latencyHistogram: 'Request Duration Histogram',
       errorTrend: 'Error Trend',
       errorDistribution: 'Error Distribution',
+      switchRate: 'Avg switches',
       // Health Score & Diagnosis
       health: 'Health',
       healthCondition: 'Health Condition',
@@ -2911,6 +2945,7 @@ export default {
       tooltips: {
         totalRequests: 'Total number of requests (including both successful and failed requests) in the selected time window.',
         throughputTrend: 'Requests/QPS + Tokens/TPS in the selected window.',
+        switchRateTrend: 'Trend of account switches / total requests over the last 5 hours (avg switches).',
         latencyHistogram: 'Request duration distribution (ms) for successful requests.',
         errorTrend: 'Error counts over time (SLA scope excludes business limits; upstream excludes 429/529).',
         errorDistribution: 'Error distribution by status code.',

frontend/src/i18n/locales/zh.ts

@@ -1139,6 +1139,11 @@ export default {
         fallbackHint: '非 Claude Code 请求将使用此分组，留空则直接拒绝',
         noFallback: '不降级（直接拒绝）'
       },
+      invalidRequestFallback: {
+        title: '无效请求兜底分组',
+        hint: '仅当上游明确返回 prompt too long 时才会触发，留空表示不兜底',
+        noFallback: '不兜底'
+      },
       copyAccounts: {
         title: '从分组复制账号',
         tooltip: '选择一个或多个相同平台的分组，创建后会自动将这些分组的所有账号绑定到新分组（去重）。',
@@ -1167,6 +1172,20 @@ export default {
         noRulesHint: '添加路由规则以将特定模型请求优先路由到指定账号',
         searchAccountPlaceholder: '搜索账号...',
         accountsHint: '选择此模型模式优先使用的账号'
+      },
+      mcpXml: {
+        title: 'MCP XML 协议注入',
+        tooltip: '启用后，当请求包含 MCP 工具时，会在 system prompt 中注入 XML 格式调用协议提示词。关闭此选项可避免对某些客户端造成干扰。',
+        enabled: '已启用',
+        disabled: '已禁用'
+      },
+      supportedScopes: {
+        title: '支持的模型系列',
+        tooltip: '选择此分组支持的模型系列。未勾选的系列将不会被路由到此分组。',
+        claude: 'Claude',
+        geminiText: 'Gemini Text',
+        geminiImage: 'Gemini Image',
+        hint: '至少选择一个模型系列'
       }
     },
 
@@ -1352,6 +1371,8 @@ export default {
         googleOauth: 'Google OAuth',
         codeAssist: 'Code Assist',
         antigravityOauth: 'Antigravity OAuth',
+        upstream: '对接上游',
+        upstreamDesc: '通过 Base URL + API Key 连接上游',
         api_key: 'API Key',
         cookie: 'Cookie'
       },
@@ -1623,6 +1644,15 @@ export default {
       pleaseEnterApiKey: '请输入 API Key',
       apiKeyIsRequired: 'API Key 是必需的',
       leaveEmptyToKeep: '留空以保持当前密钥',
+      // Upstream type
+      upstream: {
+        baseUrl: '上游 Base URL',
+        baseUrlHint: '上游 Antigravity 服务的地址，例如：https://s.konstants.xyz',
+        apiKey: '上游 API Key',
+        apiKeyHint: '上游服务的 API Key',
+        pleaseEnterBaseUrl: '请输入上游 Base URL',
+        pleaseEnterApiKey: '请输入上游 API Key'
+      },
       // OAuth flow
       oauth: {
         title: 'Claude 账号授权',
@@ -2393,6 +2423,7 @@ export default {
       waiting: '等待',
       conns: '连接',
       queue: '队列',
+      accountSwitches: '账号切换',
       ok: '正常',
       lastRun: '最近运行',
       lastSuccess: '最近成功',
@@ -2442,6 +2473,7 @@ export default {
       failedToLoadData: '加载运维数据失败',
       failedToLoadOverview: '加载概览数据失败',
       failedToLoadThroughputTrend: '加载吞吐趋势失败',
+      failedToLoadSwitchTrend: '加载平均账号切换趋势失败',
       failedToLoadLatencyHistogram: '加载请求时长分布失败',
       failedToLoadErrorTrend: '加载错误趋势失败',
       failedToLoadErrorDistribution: '加载错误分布失败',
@@ -2450,9 +2482,11 @@ export default {
       tpsK: 'TPS（千）',
       top: '最高：',
       throughputTrend: '吞吐趋势',
+      switchRateTrend: '平均账号切换趋势',
       latencyHistogram: '请求时长分布',
       errorTrend: '错误趋势',
       errorDistribution: '错误分布',
+      switchRate: '平均账号切换',
       // Health Score & Diagnosis
       health: '健康',
       healthCondition: '健康状况',
@@ -3081,6 +3115,7 @@ export default {
       tooltips: {
         totalRequests: '当前时间窗口内的总请求数和Token消耗量。',
         throughputTrend: '当前窗口内的请求/QPS 与 token/TPS 趋势。',
+        switchRateTrend: '近5小时内账号切换次数 / 请求总数的趋势（平均切换次数）。',
         latencyHistogram: '成功请求的请求时长分布（毫秒）。',
         errorTrend: '错误趋势（SLA 口径排除业务限制；上游错误率排除 429/529）。',
         errorDistribution: '按状态码统计的错误分布。',

frontend/src/types/index.ts

@@ -355,6 +355,7 @@ export interface Group {
   // Claude Code 客户端限制
   claude_code_only: boolean
   fallback_group_id: number | null
+  fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request: number | null
   created_at: string
   updated_at: string
 }
@@ -364,6 +365,12 @@ export interface AdminGroup extends Group {
   model_routing: Record<string, number[]> | null
   model_routing_enabled: boolean
 
+  // MCP XML 协议注入（仅 antigravity 平台使用）
+  mcp_xml_inject: boolean
+
+  // 支持的模型系列（仅 antigravity 平台使用）
+  supported_model_scopes?: string[]
+
   // 分组下账号数量（仅管理员可见）
   account_count?: number
 }
@@ -421,6 +428,9 @@ export interface CreateGroupRequest {
   image_price_4k?: number | null
   claude_code_only?: boolean
   fallback_group_id?: number | null
+  fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request?: number | null
+  mcp_xml_inject?: boolean
+  supported_model_scopes?: string[]
   // 从指定分组复制账号
   copy_accounts_from_group_ids?: number[]
 }
@@ -441,13 +451,16 @@ export interface UpdateGroupRequest {
   image_price_4k?: number | null
   claude_code_only?: boolean
   fallback_group_id?: number | null
+  fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request?: number | null
+  mcp_xml_inject?: boolean
+  supported_model_scopes?: string[]
   copy_accounts_from_group_ids?: number[]
 }
 
 // ==================== Account & Proxy Types ====================
 
 export type AccountPlatform = 'anthropic' | 'openai' | 'gemini' | 'antigravity'
-export type AccountType = 'oauth' | 'setup-token' | 'apikey'
+export type AccountType = 'oauth' | 'setup-token' | 'apikey' | 'upstream'
 export type OAuthAddMethod = 'oauth' | 'setup-token'
 export type ProxyProtocol = 'http' | 'https' | 'socks5' | 'socks5h'
 

frontend/src/views/admin/GroupsView.vue

@@ -468,6 +468,107 @@
           </div>
         </div>
 
+        <!-- 支持的模型系列（仅 antigravity 平台） -->
+        <div v-if="createForm.platform === 'antigravity'" class="border-t pt-4">
+          <div class="mb-1.5 flex items-center gap-1">
+            <label class="text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300">
+              {{ t('admin.groups.supportedScopes.title') }}
+            </label>
+            <!-- Help Tooltip -->
+            <div class="group relative inline-flex">
+              <Icon
+                name="questionCircle"
+                size="sm"
+                :stroke-width="2"
+                class="cursor-help text-gray-400 transition-colors hover:text-primary-500 dark:text-gray-500 dark:hover:text-primary-400"
+              />
+              <div class="pointer-events-none absolute bottom-full left-0 z-50 mb-2 w-72 opacity-0 transition-all duration-200 group-hover:pointer-events-auto group-hover:opacity-100">
+                <div class="rounded-lg bg-gray-900 p-3 text-white shadow-lg dark:bg-gray-800">
+                  <p class="text-xs leading-relaxed text-gray-300">
+                    {{ t('admin.groups.supportedScopes.tooltip') }}
+                  </p>
+                  <div class="absolute -bottom-1.5 left-3 h-3 w-3 rotate-45 bg-gray-900 dark:bg-gray-800"></div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <div class="space-y-2">
+            <label class="flex items-center gap-2 cursor-pointer">
+              <input
+                type="checkbox"
+                :checked="createForm.supported_model_scopes.includes('claude')"
+                @change="toggleCreateScope('claude')"
+                class="h-4 w-4 rounded border-gray-300 text-primary-600 focus:ring-primary-500 dark:border-dark-600 dark:bg-dark-700"
+              />
+              <span class="text-sm text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300">{{ t('admin.groups.supportedScopes.claude') }}</span>
+            </label>
+            <label class="flex items-center gap-2 cursor-pointer">
+              <input
+                type="checkbox"
+                :checked="createForm.supported_model_scopes.includes('gemini_text')"
+                @change="toggleCreateScope('gemini_text')"
+                class="h-4 w-4 rounded border-gray-300 text-primary-600 focus:ring-primary-500 dark:border-dark-600 dark:bg-dark-700"
+              />
+              <span class="text-sm text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300">{{ t('admin.groups.supportedScopes.geminiText') }}</span>
+            </label>
+            <label class="flex items-center gap-2 cursor-pointer">
+              <input
+                type="checkbox"
+                :checked="createForm.supported_model_scopes.includes('gemini_image')"
+                @change="toggleCreateScope('gemini_image')"
+                class="h-4 w-4 rounded border-gray-300 text-primary-600 focus:ring-primary-500 dark:border-dark-600 dark:bg-dark-700"
+              />
+              <span class="text-sm text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300">{{ t('admin.groups.supportedScopes.geminiImage') }}</span>
+            </label>
+          </div>
+          <p class="mt-2 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">{{ t('admin.groups.supportedScopes.hint') }}</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <!-- MCP XML 协议注入（仅 antigravity 平台） -->
+        <div v-if="createForm.platform === 'antigravity'" class="border-t pt-4">
+          <div class="mb-1.5 flex items-center gap-1">
+            <label class="text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300">
+              {{ t('admin.groups.mcpXml.title') }}
+            </label>
+            <div class="group relative inline-flex">
+              <Icon
+                name="questionCircle"
+                size="sm"
+                :stroke-width="2"
+                class="cursor-help text-gray-400 transition-colors hover:text-primary-500 dark:text-gray-500 dark:hover:text-primary-400"
+              />
+              <div class="pointer-events-none absolute bottom-full left-0 z-50 mb-2 w-72 opacity-0 transition-all duration-200 group-hover:pointer-events-auto group-hover:opacity-100">
+                <div class="rounded-lg bg-gray-900 p-3 text-white shadow-lg dark:bg-gray-800">
+                  <p class="text-xs leading-relaxed text-gray-300">
+                    {{ t('admin.groups.mcpXml.tooltip') }}
+                  </p>
+                  <div class="absolute -bottom-1.5 left-3 h-3 w-3 rotate-45 bg-gray-900 dark:bg-gray-800"></div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <div class="flex items-center gap-3">
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              @click="createForm.mcp_xml_inject = !createForm.mcp_xml_inject"
+              :class="[
+                'relative inline-flex h-6 w-11 items-center rounded-full transition-colors',
+                createForm.mcp_xml_inject ? 'bg-primary-500' : 'bg-gray-300 dark:bg-dark-600'
+              ]"
+            >
+              <span
+                :class="[
+                  'inline-block h-4 w-4 transform rounded-full bg-white shadow transition-transform',
+                  createForm.mcp_xml_inject ? 'translate-x-6' : 'translate-x-1'
+                ]"
+              />
+            </button>
+            <span class="text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
+              {{ createForm.mcp_xml_inject ? t('admin.groups.mcpXml.enabled') : t('admin.groups.mcpXml.disabled') }}
+            </span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
         <!-- Claude Code 客户端限制（仅 anthropic 平台） -->
         <div v-if="createForm.platform === 'anthropic'" class="border-t pt-4">
           <div class="mb-1.5 flex items-center gap-1">
@@ -524,6 +625,20 @@
           </div>
         </div>
 
+        <!-- 无效请求兜底（仅 anthropic/antigravity 平台，且非订阅分组） -->
+        <div
+          v-if="['anthropic', 'antigravity'].includes(createForm.platform) && createForm.subscription_type !== 'subscription'"
+          class="border-t pt-4"
+        >
+          <label class="input-label">{{ t('admin.groups.invalidRequestFallback.title') }}</label>
+          <Select
+            v-model="createForm.fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request"
+            :options="invalidRequestFallbackOptions"
+            :placeholder="t('admin.groups.invalidRequestFallback.noFallback')"
+          />
+          <p class="input-hint">{{ t('admin.groups.invalidRequestFallback.hint') }}</p>
+        </div>
+
         <!-- 模型路由配置（仅 anthropic 平台） -->
         <div v-if="createForm.platform === 'anthropic'" class="border-t pt-4">
           <div class="mb-1.5 flex items-center gap-1">
@@ -975,6 +1090,107 @@
           </div>
         </div>
 
+        <!-- 支持的模型系列（仅 antigravity 平台） -->
+        <div v-if="editForm.platform === 'antigravity'" class="border-t pt-4">
+          <div class="mb-1.5 flex items-center gap-1">
+            <label class="text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300">
+              {{ t('admin.groups.supportedScopes.title') }}
+            </label>
+            <!-- Help Tooltip -->
+            <div class="group relative inline-flex">
+              <Icon
+                name="questionCircle"
+                size="sm"
+                :stroke-width="2"
+                class="cursor-help text-gray-400 transition-colors hover:text-primary-500 dark:text-gray-500 dark:hover:text-primary-400"
+              />
+              <div class="pointer-events-none absolute bottom-full left-0 z-50 mb-2 w-72 opacity-0 transition-all duration-200 group-hover:pointer-events-auto group-hover:opacity-100">
+                <div class="rounded-lg bg-gray-900 p-3 text-white shadow-lg dark:bg-gray-800">
+                  <p class="text-xs leading-relaxed text-gray-300">
+                    {{ t('admin.groups.supportedScopes.tooltip') }}
+                  </p>
+                  <div class="absolute -bottom-1.5 left-3 h-3 w-3 rotate-45 bg-gray-900 dark:bg-gray-800"></div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <div class="space-y-2">
+            <label class="flex items-center gap-2 cursor-pointer">
+              <input
+                type="checkbox"
+                :checked="editForm.supported_model_scopes.includes('claude')"
+                @change="toggleEditScope('claude')"
+                class="h-4 w-4 rounded border-gray-300 text-primary-600 focus:ring-primary-500 dark:border-dark-600 dark:bg-dark-700"
+              />
+              <span class="text-sm text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300">{{ t('admin.groups.supportedScopes.claude') }}</span>
+            </label>
+            <label class="flex items-center gap-2 cursor-pointer">
+              <input
+                type="checkbox"
+                :checked="editForm.supported_model_scopes.includes('gemini_text')"
+                @change="toggleEditScope('gemini_text')"
+                class="h-4 w-4 rounded border-gray-300 text-primary-600 focus:ring-primary-500 dark:border-dark-600 dark:bg-dark-700"
+              />
+              <span class="text-sm text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300">{{ t('admin.groups.supportedScopes.geminiText') }}</span>
+            </label>
+            <label class="flex items-center gap-2 cursor-pointer">
+              <input
+                type="checkbox"
+                :checked="editForm.supported_model_scopes.includes('gemini_image')"
+                @change="toggleEditScope('gemini_image')"
+                class="h-4 w-4 rounded border-gray-300 text-primary-600 focus:ring-primary-500 dark:border-dark-600 dark:bg-dark-700"
+              />
+              <span class="text-sm text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300">{{ t('admin.groups.supportedScopes.geminiImage') }}</span>
+            </label>
+          </div>
+          <p class="mt-2 text-xs text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">{{ t('admin.groups.supportedScopes.hint') }}</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <!-- MCP XML 协议注入（仅 antigravity 平台） -->
+        <div v-if="editForm.platform === 'antigravity'" class="border-t pt-4">
+          <div class="mb-1.5 flex items-center gap-1">
+            <label class="text-sm font-medium text-gray-700 dark:text-gray-300">
+              {{ t('admin.groups.mcpXml.title') }}
+            </label>
+            <div class="group relative inline-flex">
+              <Icon
+                name="questionCircle"
+                size="sm"
+                :stroke-width="2"
+                class="cursor-help text-gray-400 transition-colors hover:text-primary-500 dark:text-gray-500 dark:hover:text-primary-400"
+              />
+              <div class="pointer-events-none absolute bottom-full left-0 z-50 mb-2 w-72 opacity-0 transition-all duration-200 group-hover:pointer-events-auto group-hover:opacity-100">
+                <div class="rounded-lg bg-gray-900 p-3 text-white shadow-lg dark:bg-gray-800">
+                  <p class="text-xs leading-relaxed text-gray-300">
+                    {{ t('admin.groups.mcpXml.tooltip') }}
+                  </p>
+                  <div class="absolute -bottom-1.5 left-3 h-3 w-3 rotate-45 bg-gray-900 dark:bg-gray-800"></div>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+          <div class="flex items-center gap-3">
+            <button
+              type="button"
+              @click="editForm.mcp_xml_inject = !editForm.mcp_xml_inject"
+              :class="[
+                'relative inline-flex h-6 w-11 items-center rounded-full transition-colors',
+                editForm.mcp_xml_inject ? 'bg-primary-500' : 'bg-gray-300 dark:bg-dark-600'
+              ]"
+            >
+              <span
+                :class="[
+                  'inline-block h-4 w-4 transform rounded-full bg-white shadow transition-transform',
+                  editForm.mcp_xml_inject ? 'translate-x-6' : 'translate-x-1'
+                ]"
+              />
+            </button>
+            <span class="text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-gray-400">
+              {{ editForm.mcp_xml_inject ? t('admin.groups.mcpXml.enabled') : t('admin.groups.mcpXml.disabled') }}
+            </span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+
         <!-- Claude Code 客户端限制（仅 anthropic 平台） -->
         <div v-if="editForm.platform === 'anthropic'" class="border-t pt-4">
           <div class="mb-1.5 flex items-center gap-1">
@@ -1031,6 +1247,20 @@
           </div>
         </div>
 
+        <!-- 无效请求兜底（仅 anthropic/antigravity 平台，且非订阅分组） -->
+        <div
+          v-if="['anthropic', 'antigravity'].includes(editForm.platform) && editForm.subscription_type !== 'subscription'"
+          class="border-t pt-4"
+        >
+          <label class="input-label">{{ t('admin.groups.invalidRequestFallback.title') }}</label>
+          <Select
+            v-model="editForm.fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request"
+            :options="invalidRequestFallbackOptionsForEdit"
+            :placeholder="t('admin.groups.invalidRequestFallback.noFallback')"
+          />
+          <p class="input-hint">{{ t('admin.groups.invalidRequestFallback.hint') }}</p>
+        </div>
+
         <!-- 模型路由配置（仅 anthropic 平台） -->
         <div v-if="editForm.platform === 'anthropic'" class="border-t pt-4">
           <div class="mb-1.5 flex items-center gap-1">
@@ -1329,6 +1559,44 @@ const fallbackGroupOptionsForEdit = computed(() => {
   return options
 })
 
+// 无效请求兜底分组选项（创建时）- 仅包含 anthropic 平台、非订阅且未配置兜底的分组
+const invalidRequestFallbackOptions = computed(() => {
+  const options: { value: number | null; label: string }[] = [
+    { value: null, label: t('admin.groups.invalidRequestFallback.noFallback') }
+  ]
+  const eligibleGroups = groups.value.filter(
+    (g) =>
+      g.platform === 'anthropic' &&
+      g.status === 'active' &&
+      g.subscription_type !== 'subscription' &&
+      g.fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request === null
+  )
+  eligibleGroups.forEach((g) => {
+    options.push({ value: g.id, label: g.name })
+  })
+  return options
+})
+
+// 无效请求兜底分组选项（编辑时）- 排除自身
+const invalidRequestFallbackOptionsForEdit = computed(() => {
+  const options: { value: number | null; label: string }[] = [
+    { value: null, label: t('admin.groups.invalidRequestFallback.noFallback') }
+  ]
+  const currentId = editingGroup.value?.id
+  const eligibleGroups = groups.value.filter(
+    (g) =>
+      g.platform === 'anthropic' &&
+      g.status === 'active' &&
+      g.subscription_type !== 'subscription' &&
+      g.fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request === null &&
+      g.id !== currentId
+  )
+  eligibleGroups.forEach((g) => {
+    options.push({ value: g.id, label: g.name })
+  })
+  return options
+})
+
 // 复制账号的源分组选项（创建时）- 仅包含相同平台且有账号的分组
 const copyAccountsGroupOptions = computed(() => {
   const eligibleGroups = groups.value.filter(
@@ -1393,8 +1661,13 @@ const createForm = reactive({
   // Claude Code 客户端限制（仅 anthropic 平台使用）
   claude_code_only: false,
   fallback_group_id: null as number | null,
+  fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request: null as number | null,
   // 模型路由开关
   model_routing_enabled: false,
+  // 支持的模型系列（仅 antigravity 平台）
+  supported_model_scopes: ['claude', 'gemini_text', 'gemini_image'] as string[],
+  // MCP XML 协议注入开关（仅 antigravity 平台）
+  mcp_xml_inject: true,
   // 从分组复制账号
   copy_accounts_from_group_ids: [] as number[]
 })
@@ -1466,6 +1739,26 @@ const removeSelectedAccount = (ruleIndex: number, accountId: number, isEdit: boo
   rule.accounts = rule.accounts.filter(a => a.id !== accountId)
 }
 
+// 切换创建表单的模型系列选择
+const toggleCreateScope = (scope: string) => {
+  const idx = createForm.supported_model_scopes.indexOf(scope)
+  if (idx === -1) {
+    createForm.supported_model_scopes.push(scope)
+  } else {
+    createForm.supported_model_scopes.splice(idx, 1)
+  }
+}
+
+// 切换编辑表单的模型系列选择
+const toggleEditScope = (scope: string) => {
+  const idx = editForm.supported_model_scopes.indexOf(scope)
+  if (idx === -1) {
+    editForm.supported_model_scopes.push(scope)
+  } else {
+    editForm.supported_model_scopes.splice(idx, 1)
+  }
+}
+
 // 处理账号搜索输入框聚焦
 const onAccountSearchFocus = (ruleIndex: number, isEdit: boolean = false) => {
   const key = `${isEdit ? 'edit' : 'create'}-${ruleIndex}`
@@ -1566,8 +1859,13 @@ const editForm = reactive({
   // Claude Code 客户端限制（仅 anthropic 平台使用）
   claude_code_only: false,
   fallback_group_id: null as number | null,
+  fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request: null as number | null,
   // 模型路由开关
   model_routing_enabled: false,
+  // 支持的模型系列（仅 antigravity 平台）
+  supported_model_scopes: ['claude', 'gemini_text', 'gemini_image'] as string[],
+  // MCP XML 协议注入开关（仅 antigravity 平台）
+  mcp_xml_inject: true,
   // 从分组复制账号
   copy_accounts_from_group_ids: [] as number[]
 })
@@ -1651,6 +1949,9 @@ const closeCreateModal = () => {
   createForm.image_price_4k = null
   createForm.claude_code_only = false
   createForm.fallback_group_id = null
+  createForm.fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request = null
+  createForm.supported_model_scopes = ['claude', 'gemini_text', 'gemini_image']
+  createForm.mcp_xml_inject = true
   createForm.copy_accounts_from_group_ids = []
   createModelRoutingRules.value = []
 }
@@ -1701,7 +2002,10 @@ const handleEdit = async (group: AdminGroup) => {
   editForm.image_price_4k = group.image_price_4k
   editForm.claude_code_only = group.claude_code_only || false
   editForm.fallback_group_id = group.fallback_group_id
+  editForm.fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request = group.fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request
   editForm.model_routing_enabled = group.model_routing_enabled || false
+  editForm.supported_model_scopes = group.supported_model_scopes || ['claude', 'gemini_text', 'gemini_image']
+  editForm.mcp_xml_inject = group.mcp_xml_inject ?? true
   editForm.copy_accounts_from_group_ids = [] // 复制账号字段每次编辑时重置为空
   // 加载模型路由规则（异步加载账号名称）
   editModelRoutingRules.value = await convertApiFormatToRoutingRules(group.model_routing)
@@ -1728,6 +2032,10 @@ const handleUpdateGroup = async () => {
     const payload = {
       ...editForm,
       fallback_group_id: editForm.fallback_group_id === null ? 0 : editForm.fallback_group_id,
+      fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request:
+        editForm.fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request === null
+          ? 0
+          : editForm.fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request,
       model_routing: convertRoutingRulesToApiFormat(editModelRoutingRules.value)
     }
     await adminAPI.groups.update(editingGroup.value.id, payload)
@@ -1768,6 +2076,16 @@ watch(
   (newVal) => {
     if (newVal === 'subscription') {
       createForm.is_exclusive = true
+      createForm.fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request = null
+    }
+  }
+)
+
+watch(
+  () => createForm.platform,
+  (newVal) => {
+    if (!['anthropic', 'antigravity'].includes(newVal)) {
+      createForm.fallback_group_id_on_invalid_request = null
     }
   }
 )

frontend/src/views/admin/SettingsView.vue

@@ -353,7 +353,6 @@
               </div>
               <Toggle v-model="form.invitation_code_enabled" />
             </div>
-
             <!-- Password Reset - Only show when email verification is enabled -->
             <div
               v-if="form.email_verify_enabled"

frontend/src/views/admin/UsageView.vue

@@ -35,13 +35,13 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
 import { ref, reactive, computed, onMounted, onUnmounted } from 'vue'
 import { useI18n } from 'vue-i18n'
-  import { saveAs } from 'file-saver'
-  import { useAppStore } from '@/stores/app'; import { adminAPI } from '@/api/admin'; import { adminUsageAPI } from '@/api/admin/usage'
-  import { formatReasoningEffort } from '@/utils/format'
-  import AppLayout from '@/components/layout/AppLayout.vue'; import Pagination from '@/components/common/Pagination.vue'; import Select from '@/components/common/Select.vue'
-  import UsageStatsCards from '@/components/admin/usage/UsageStatsCards.vue'; import UsageFilters from '@/components/admin/usage/UsageFilters.vue'
-  import UsageTable from '@/components/admin/usage/UsageTable.vue'; import UsageExportProgress from '@/components/admin/usage/UsageExportProgress.vue'
-  import UsageCleanupDialog from '@/components/admin/usage/UsageCleanupDialog.vue'
+import { saveAs } from 'file-saver'
+import { useAppStore } from '@/stores/app'; import { adminAPI } from '@/api/admin'; import { adminUsageAPI } from '@/api/admin/usage'
+import { formatReasoningEffort } from '@/utils/format'
+import AppLayout from '@/components/layout/AppLayout.vue'; import Pagination from '@/components/common/Pagination.vue'; import Select from '@/components/common/Select.vue'
+import UsageStatsCards from '@/components/admin/usage/UsageStatsCards.vue'; import UsageFilters from '@/components/admin/usage/UsageFilters.vue'
+import UsageTable from '@/components/admin/usage/UsageTable.vue'; import UsageExportProgress from '@/components/admin/usage/UsageExportProgress.vue'
+import UsageCleanupDialog from '@/components/admin/usage/UsageCleanupDialog.vue'
 import ModelDistributionChart from '@/components/charts/ModelDistributionChart.vue'; import TokenUsageTrend from '@/components/charts/TokenUsageTrend.vue'
 import type { AdminUsageLog, TrendDataPoint, ModelStat } from '@/types'; import type { AdminUsageStatsResponse, AdminUsageQueryParams } from '@/api/admin/usage'
 

frontend/src/views/admin/ops/OpsDashboard.vue

@@ -40,10 +40,18 @@
       />
 
       <!-- Row: Concurrency + Throughput -->
-      <div v-if="opsEnabled && !(loading && !hasLoadedOnce)" class="grid grid-cols-1 gap-6 lg:grid-cols-3">
+      <div v-if="opsEnabled && !(loading && !hasLoadedOnce)" class="grid grid-cols-1 gap-6 lg:grid-cols-4">
         <div class="lg:col-span-1 min-h-[360px]">
           <OpsConcurrencyCard :platform-filter="platform" :group-id-filter="groupId" :refresh-token="dashboardRefreshToken" />
         </div>
+        <div class="lg:col-span-1 min-h-[360px]">
+          <OpsSwitchRateTrendChart
+            :points="switchTrend?.points ?? []"
+            :loading="loadingSwitchTrend"
+            :time-range="switchTrendTimeRange"
+            :fullscreen="isFullscreen"
+          />
+        </div>
         <div class="lg:col-span-2 min-h-[360px]">
           <OpsThroughputTrendChart
             :points="throughputTrend?.points ?? []"
@@ -138,6 +146,7 @@ import OpsErrorDetailsModal from './components/OpsErrorDetailsModal.vue'
 import OpsErrorTrendChart from './components/OpsErrorTrendChart.vue'
 import OpsLatencyChart from './components/OpsLatencyChart.vue'
 import OpsThroughputTrendChart from './components/OpsThroughputTrendChart.vue'
+import OpsSwitchRateTrendChart from './components/OpsSwitchRateTrendChart.vue'
 import OpsAlertEventsCard from './components/OpsAlertEventsCard.vue'
 import OpsRequestDetailsModal, { type OpsRequestDetailsPreset } from './components/OpsRequestDetailsModal.vue'
 import OpsSettingsDialog from './components/OpsSettingsDialog.vue'
@@ -168,6 +177,9 @@ const groupId = ref<number | null>(null)
 const queryMode = ref<QueryMode>('auto')
 const customStartTime = ref<string | null>(null)
 const customEndTime = ref<string | null>(null)
+const switchTrendWindowHours = 5
+const switchTrendTimeRange = `${switchTrendWindowHours}h`
+const switchTrendWindowMs = switchTrendWindowHours * 60 * 60 * 1000
 
 const QUERY_KEYS = {
   timeRange: 'tr',
@@ -322,6 +334,9 @@ const metricThresholds = ref<OpsMetricThresholds | null>(null)
 const throughputTrend = ref<OpsThroughputTrendResponse | null>(null)
 const loadingTrend = ref(false)
 
+const switchTrend = ref<OpsThroughputTrendResponse | null>(null)
+const loadingSwitchTrend = ref(false)
+
 const latencyHistogram = ref<OpsLatencyHistogramResponse | null>(null)
 const loadingLatency = ref(false)
 
@@ -491,6 +506,19 @@ function buildApiParams() {
   return params
 }
 
+function buildSwitchTrendParams() {
+  const params: any = {
+    platform: platform.value || undefined,
+    group_id: groupId.value ?? undefined,
+    mode: queryMode.value
+  }
+  const endTime = new Date()
+  const startTime = new Date(endTime.getTime() - switchTrendWindowMs)
+  params.start_time = startTime.toISOString()
+  params.end_time = endTime.toISOString()
+  return params
+}
+
 async function refreshOverviewWithCancel(fetchSeq: number, signal: AbortSignal) {
   if (!opsEnabled.value) return
   try {
@@ -504,6 +532,24 @@ async function refreshOverviewWithCancel(fetchSeq: number, signal: AbortSignal)
   }
 }
 
+async function refreshSwitchTrendWithCancel(fetchSeq: number, signal: AbortSignal) {
+  if (!opsEnabled.value) return
+  loadingSwitchTrend.value = true
+  try {
+    const data = await opsAPI.getThroughputTrend(buildSwitchTrendParams(), { signal })
+    if (fetchSeq !== dashboardFetchSeq) return
+    switchTrend.value = data
+  } catch (err: any) {
+    if (fetchSeq !== dashboardFetchSeq || isCanceledRequest(err)) return
+    switchTrend.value = null
+    appStore.showError(err?.message || t('admin.ops.failedToLoadSwitchTrend'))
+  } finally {
+    if (fetchSeq === dashboardFetchSeq) {
+      loadingSwitchTrend.value = false
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 async function refreshThroughputTrendWithCancel(fetchSeq: number, signal: AbortSignal) {
   if (!opsEnabled.value) return
   loadingTrend.value = true
@@ -600,6 +646,7 @@ async function fetchData() {
     await Promise.all([
       refreshOverviewWithCancel(fetchSeq, dashboardFetchController.signal),
       refreshThroughputTrendWithCancel(fetchSeq, dashboardFetchController.signal),
+      refreshSwitchTrendWithCancel(fetchSeq, dashboardFetchController.signal),
       refreshLatencyHistogramWithCancel(fetchSeq, dashboardFetchController.signal),
       refreshErrorTrendWithCancel(fetchSeq, dashboardFetchController.signal),
       refreshErrorDistributionWithCancel(fetchSeq, dashboardFetchController.signal)

frontend/src/views/admin/ops/components/OpsDashboardSkeleton.vue

@@ -50,7 +50,11 @@ const props = withDefaults(defineProps<Props>(), {
     </div>
 
     <!-- Row: Concurrency + Throughput (matches OpsDashboard.vue) -->
-    <div class="grid grid-cols-1 gap-6 lg:grid-cols-3">
+    <div class="grid grid-cols-1 gap-6 lg:grid-cols-4">
+      <div :class="['min-h-[360px] rounded-3xl bg-white shadow-sm ring-1 ring-gray-900/5 dark:bg-dark-800 dark:ring-dark-700 lg:col-span-1', props.fullscreen ? 'p-8' : 'p-6']">
+        <div class="h-4 w-44 animate-pulse rounded bg-gray-200 dark:bg-dark-700"></div>
+        <div class="mt-6 h-72 animate-pulse rounded-2xl bg-gray-100 dark:bg-dark-700/70"></div>
+      </div>
       <div :class="['min-h-[360px] rounded-3xl bg-white shadow-sm ring-1 ring-gray-900/5 dark:bg-dark-800 dark:ring-dark-700 lg:col-span-1', props.fullscreen ? 'p-8' : 'p-6']">
         <div class="h-4 w-44 animate-pulse rounded bg-gray-200 dark:bg-dark-700"></div>
         <div class="mt-6 h-72 animate-pulse rounded-2xl bg-gray-100 dark:bg-dark-700/70"></div>
@@ -96,4 +100,3 @@ const props = withDefaults(defineProps<Props>(), {
     </div>
   </div>
 </template>
-