/* * Copyright (c) 2016, ARM Limited and Contributors. All rights reserved. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this * list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation * and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * * Neither the name of ARM nor the names of its contributors may be used * to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific * prior written permission. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. */ #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include "fiptool.h" #include "firmware_image_package.h" #include "tbbr_config.h" #define OPT_TOC_ENTRY 0 #define OPT_PLAT_TOC_FLAGS 1 static int info_cmd(int argc, char *argv[]); static void info_usage(void); static int create_cmd(int argc, char *argv[]); static void create_usage(void); static int update_cmd(int argc, char *argv[]); static void update_usage(void); static int unpack_cmd(int argc, char *argv[]); static void unpack_usage(void); static int remove_cmd(int argc, char *argv[]); static void remove_usage(void); static int version_cmd(int argc, char *argv[]); static void version_usage(void); static int help_cmd(int argc, char *argv[]); static void usage(void); /* Available subcommands. */ static cmd_t cmds[] = { { .name = "info", .handler = info_cmd, .usage = info_usage }, { .name = "create", .handler = create_cmd, .usage = create_usage }, { .name = "update", .handler = update_cmd, .usage = update_usage }, { .name = "unpack", .handler = unpack_cmd, .usage = unpack_usage }, { .name = "remove", .handler = remove_cmd, .usage = remove_usage }, { .name = "version", .handler = version_cmd, .usage = version_usage }, { .name = "help", .handler = help_cmd, .usage = NULL }, }; static image_t *images[MAX_IMAGES]; static size_t nr_images; static uuid_t uuid_null = { 0 }; static int verbose; static void vlog(int prio, char *msg, va_list ap) { char *prefix[] = { "DEBUG", "WARN", "ERROR" }; fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", prefix[prio]); vfprintf(stderr, msg, ap); fputc('\n', stderr); } static void log_dbgx(char *msg, ...) { va_list ap; va_start(ap, msg); vlog(LOG_DBG, msg, ap); va_end(ap); } static void log_warnx(char *msg, ...) { va_list ap; va_start(ap, msg); vlog(LOG_WARN, msg, ap); va_end(ap); } static void log_err(char *msg, ...) { char buf[512]; va_list ap; va_start(ap, msg); snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s: %s", msg, strerror(errno)); vlog(LOG_ERR, buf, ap); va_end(ap); exit(1); } static void log_errx(char *msg, ...) { va_list ap; va_start(ap, msg); vlog(LOG_ERR, msg, ap); va_end(ap); exit(1); } static void add_image(image_t *image) { if (nr_images + 1 > MAX_IMAGES) log_errx("Too many images"); images[nr_images++] = image; } static void free_image(image_t *image) { free(image->buffer); free(image); } static void replace_image(image_t *image_dst, image_t *image_src) { int i; for (i = 0; i < nr_images; i++) { if (images[i] == image_dst) { free_image(images[i]); images[i] = image_src; break; } } assert(i != nr_images); } static void remove_image(image_t *image) { int i; for (i = 0; i < nr_images; i++) { if (images[i] == image) { free_image(images[i]); images[i] = NULL; break; } } assert(i != nr_images); /* Compact array. */ memmove(&images[i], &images[i + 1], (nr_images - i - 1) * sizeof(*images)); nr_images--; } static void free_images(void) { int i; for (i = 0; i < nr_images; i++) { free_image(images[i]); images[i] = NULL; } } static toc_entry_t *get_entry_lookup_from_uuid(const uuid_t *uuid) { toc_entry_t *toc_entry = toc_entries; for (; toc_entry->cmdline_name != NULL; toc_entry++) if (memcmp(&toc_entry->uuid, uuid, sizeof(uuid_t)) == 0) return toc_entry; return NULL; } static int parse_fip(char *filename, fip_toc_header_t *toc_header_out) { struct stat st; FILE *fp; char *buf, *bufend; fip_toc_header_t *toc_header; fip_toc_entry_t *toc_entry; image_t *image; int terminated = 0; fp = fopen(filename, "r"); if (fp == NULL) log_err("fopen %s", filename); if (fstat(fileno(fp), &st) == -1) log_err("fstat %s", filename); buf = malloc(st.st_size); if (buf == NULL) log_err("malloc"); if (fread(buf, 1, st.st_size, fp) != st.st_size) log_errx("Failed to read %s", filename); bufend = buf + st.st_size; fclose(fp); if (st.st_size < sizeof(fip_toc_header_t)) log_errx("FIP %s is truncated", filename); toc_header = (fip_toc_header_t *)buf; toc_entry = (fip_toc_entry_t *)(toc_header + 1); if (toc_header->name != TOC_HEADER_NAME) log_errx("%s is not a FIP file", filename); /* Return the ToC header if the caller wants it. */ if (toc_header_out != NULL) *toc_header_out = *toc_header; /* Walk through each ToC entry in the file. */ while ((char *)toc_entry + sizeof(*toc_entry) - 1 < bufend) { /* Found the ToC terminator, we are done. */ if (memcmp(&toc_entry->uuid, &uuid_null, sizeof(uuid_t)) == 0) { terminated = 1; break; } /* * Build a new image out of the ToC entry and add it to the * table of images. */ image = malloc(sizeof(*image)); if (image == NULL) log_err("malloc"); memcpy(&image->uuid, &toc_entry->uuid, sizeof(uuid_t)); image->buffer = malloc(toc_entry->size); if (image->buffer == NULL) log_err("malloc"); /* Overflow checks before memory copy. */ if (toc_entry->size > (uint64_t)-1 - toc_entry->offset_address) log_errx("FIP %s is corrupted", filename); if (toc_entry->size + toc_entry->offset_address > st.st_size) log_errx("FIP %s is corrupted", filename); memcpy(image->buffer, buf + toc_entry->offset_address, toc_entry->size); image->size = toc_entry->size; image->toc_entry = get_entry_lookup_from_uuid(&toc_entry->uuid); if (image->toc_entry == NULL) { add_image(image); toc_entry++; continue; } assert(image->toc_entry->image == NULL); /* Link backpointer from lookup entry. */ image->toc_entry->image = image; add_image(image); toc_entry++; } if (terminated == 0) log_errx("FIP %s does not have a ToC terminator entry", filename); free(buf); return 0; } static image_t *read_image_from_file(toc_entry_t *toc_entry, char *filename) { struct stat st; image_t *image; FILE *fp; fp = fopen(filename, "r"); if (fp == NULL) log_err("fopen %s", filename); if (fstat(fileno(fp), &st) == -1) log_errx("fstat %s", filename); image = malloc(sizeof(*image)); if (image == NULL) log_err("malloc"); memcpy(&image->uuid, &toc_entry->uuid, sizeof(uuid_t)); image->buffer = malloc(st.st_size); if (image->buffer == NULL) log_err("malloc"); if (fread(image->buffer, 1, st.st_size, fp) != st.st_size) log_errx("Failed to read %s", filename); image->size = st.st_size; image->toc_entry = toc_entry; fclose(fp); return image; } static int write_image_to_file(image_t *image, char *filename) { FILE *fp; fp = fopen(filename, "w"); if (fp == NULL) log_err("fopen"); if (fwrite(image->buffer, 1, image->size, fp) != image->size) log_errx("Failed to write %s", filename); fclose(fp); return 0; } static int fill_common_opts(struct option *opts, int has_arg) { int i; for (i = 0; toc_entries[i].cmdline_name != NULL; i++) { opts[i].name = toc_entries[i].cmdline_name; opts[i].has_arg = has_arg; opts[i].flag = NULL; opts[i].val = 0; } return i; } static void add_opt(struct option *opts, int idx, char *name, int has_arg, int val) { opts[idx].name = name; opts[idx].has_arg = has_arg; opts[idx].flag = NULL; opts[idx].val = val; } static int info_cmd(int argc, char *argv[]) { image_t *image; uint64_t image_offset; uint64_t image_size = 0; fip_toc_header_t toc_header; int i; if (argc != 2) usage(); argc--, argv++; parse_fip(argv[0], &toc_header); if (verbose) { log_dbgx("toc_header[name]: 0x%llX", (unsigned long long)toc_header.name); log_dbgx("toc_header[serial_number]: 0x%llX", (unsigned long long)toc_header.serial_number); log_dbgx("toc_header[flags]: 0x%llX", (unsigned long long)toc_header.flags); } image_offset = sizeof(fip_toc_header_t) + (sizeof(fip_toc_entry_t) * (nr_images + 1)); for (i = 0; i < nr_images; i++) { image = images[i]; if (image->toc_entry != NULL) printf("%s: ", image->toc_entry->name); else printf("Unknown entry: "); image_size = image->size; printf("offset=0x%llX, size=0x%llX", (unsigned long long)image_offset, (unsigned long long)image_size); if (image->toc_entry != NULL) printf(", cmdline=\"--%s\"\n", image->toc_entry->cmdline_name); else putchar('\n'); image_offset += image_size; } free_images(); return 0; } static void info_usage(void) { printf("fiptool info FIP_FILENAME\n"); } static int pack_images(char *filename, uint64_t toc_flags) { FILE *fp; image_t *image; fip_toc_header_t *toc_header; fip_toc_entry_t *toc_entry; char *buf; uint64_t entry_offset, buf_size, payload_size; int i; /* Calculate total payload size and allocate scratch buffer. */ payload_size = 0; for (i = 0; i < nr_images; i++) payload_size += images[i]->size; buf_size = sizeof(fip_toc_header_t) + sizeof(fip_toc_entry_t) * (nr_images + 1); buf = calloc(1, buf_size); if (buf == NULL) log_err("calloc"); /* Build up header and ToC entries from the image table. */ toc_header = (fip_toc_header_t *)buf; toc_header->name = TOC_HEADER_NAME; toc_header->serial_number = TOC_HEADER_SERIAL_NUMBER; toc_header->flags = toc_flags; toc_entry = (fip_toc_entry_t *)(toc_header + 1); entry_offset = buf_size; for (i = 0; i < nr_images; i++) { image = images[i]; memcpy(&toc_entry->uuid, &image->uuid, sizeof(uuid_t)); toc_entry->offset_address = entry_offset; toc_entry->size = image->size; toc_entry->flags = 0; entry_offset += toc_entry->size; toc_entry++; } /* Append a null uuid entry to mark the end of ToC entries. */ memcpy(&toc_entry->uuid, &uuid_null, sizeof(uuid_t)); toc_entry->offset_address = entry_offset; toc_entry->size = 0; toc_entry->flags = 0; /* Generate the FIP file. */ fp = fopen(filename, "w"); if (fp == NULL) log_err("fopen %s", filename); if (verbose) log_dbgx("Metadata size: %zu bytes", buf_size); if (fwrite(buf, 1, buf_size, fp) != buf_size) log_errx("Failed to write image to %s", filename); free(buf); if (verbose) log_dbgx("Payload size: %zu bytes", payload_size); for (i = 0; i < nr_images; i++) { image = images[i]; if (fwrite(image->buffer, 1, image->size, fp) != image->size) log_errx("Failed to write image to %s", filename); } fclose(fp); return 0; } /* * This function is shared between the create and update subcommands. * The difference between the two subcommands is that when the FIP file * is created, the parsing of an existing FIP is skipped. This results * in update_fip() creating the new FIP file from scratch because the * internal image table is not populated. */ static void update_fip(void) { toc_entry_t *toc_entry; image_t *image; /* Add or replace images in the FIP file. */ for (toc_entry = toc_entries; toc_entry->cmdline_name != NULL; toc_entry++) { if (toc_entry->action != DO_PACK) continue; image = read_image_from_file(toc_entry, toc_entry->action_arg); if (toc_entry->image != NULL) { if (verbose) log_dbgx("Replacing image %s.bin with %s", toc_entry->cmdline_name, toc_entry->action_arg); replace_image(toc_entry->image, image); } else { if (verbose) log_dbgx("Adding image %s", toc_entry->action_arg); add_image(image); } /* Link backpointer from lookup entry. */ toc_entry->image = image; free(toc_entry->action_arg); toc_entry->action_arg = NULL; } } static void parse_plat_toc_flags(char *arg, unsigned long long *toc_flags) { unsigned long long flags; char *endptr; errno = 0; flags = strtoull(arg, &endptr, 16); if (*endptr != '\0' || flags > UINT16_MAX || errno != 0) log_errx("Invalid platform ToC flags: %s", arg); /* Platform ToC flags is a 16-bit field occupying bits [32-47]. */ *toc_flags |= flags << 32; } static int create_cmd(int argc, char *argv[]) { struct option opts[toc_entries_len + 1]; unsigned long long toc_flags = 0; int i; if (argc < 2) usage(); i = fill_common_opts(opts, required_argument); add_opt(opts, i, "plat-toc-flags", required_argument, OPT_PLAT_TOC_FLAGS); add_opt(opts, ++i, NULL, 0, 0); while (1) { int c, opt_index; c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "o:", opts, &opt_index); if (c == -1) break; switch (c) { case OPT_TOC_ENTRY: { toc_entry_t *toc_entry; toc_entry = &toc_entries[opt_index]; toc_entry->action = DO_PACK; toc_entry->action_arg = strdup(optarg); if (toc_entry->action_arg == NULL) log_err("strdup"); break; } case OPT_PLAT_TOC_FLAGS: parse_plat_toc_flags(optarg, &toc_flags); break; default: usage(); } } argc -= optind; argv += optind; if (argc == 0) usage(); update_fip(); pack_images(argv[0], toc_flags); free_images(); return 0; } static void create_usage(void) { toc_entry_t *toc_entry = toc_entries; printf("fiptool create [--plat-toc-flags ] [opts] FIP_FILENAME\n"); printf(" --plat-toc-flags \t16-bit platform specific flag field " "occupying bits 32-47 in 64-bit ToC header.\n"); fputc('\n', stderr); printf("Specific images are packed with the following options:\n"); for (; toc_entry->cmdline_name != NULL; toc_entry++) printf(" --%-16s FILENAME\t%s\n", toc_entry->cmdline_name, toc_entry->name); } static int update_cmd(int argc, char *argv[]) { struct option opts[toc_entries_len + 2]; char outfile[FILENAME_MAX] = { 0 }; fip_toc_header_t toc_header = { 0 }; unsigned long long toc_flags = 0; int pflag = 0; int i; if (argc < 2) usage(); i = fill_common_opts(opts, required_argument); add_opt(opts, i, "out", required_argument, 'o'); add_opt(opts, ++i, "plat-toc-flags", required_argument, OPT_PLAT_TOC_FLAGS); add_opt(opts, ++i, NULL, 0, 0); while (1) { int c, opt_index; c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "o:", opts, &opt_index); if (c == -1) break; switch (c) { case OPT_TOC_ENTRY: { toc_entry_t *toc_entry; toc_entry = &toc_entries[opt_index]; toc_entry->action = DO_PACK; toc_entry->action_arg = strdup(optarg); if (toc_entry->action_arg == NULL) log_err("strdup"); break; } case OPT_PLAT_TOC_FLAGS: { parse_plat_toc_flags(optarg, &toc_flags); pflag = 1; break; } case 'o': snprintf(outfile, sizeof(outfile), "%s", optarg); break; default: usage(); } } argc -= optind; argv += optind; if (argc == 0) usage(); if (outfile[0] == '\0') snprintf(outfile, sizeof(outfile), "%s", argv[0]); if (access(outfile, F_OK) == 0) parse_fip(argv[0], &toc_header); if (pflag) toc_header.flags &= ~(0xffffULL << 32); toc_flags = (toc_header.flags |= toc_flags); update_fip(); pack_images(outfile, toc_flags); free_images(); return 0; } static void update_usage(void) { toc_entry_t *toc_entry = toc_entries; printf("fiptool update [--out FIP_FILENAME] " "[--plat-toc-flags ] [opts] FIP_FILENAME\n"); printf(" --out FIP_FILENAME\t\tSet an alternative output FIP file.\n"); printf(" --plat-toc-flags \t16-bit platform specific flag field " "occupying bits 32-47 in 64-bit ToC header.\n"); fputc('\n', stderr); printf("Specific images are packed with the following options:\n"); for (; toc_entry->cmdline_name != NULL; toc_entry++) printf(" --%-16s FILENAME\t%s\n", toc_entry->cmdline_name, toc_entry->name); } static int unpack_cmd(int argc, char *argv[]) { struct option opts[toc_entries_len + 3]; char file[FILENAME_MAX], outdir[PATH_MAX] = { 0 }; toc_entry_t *toc_entry; int fflag = 0; int unpack_all = 1; int i; if (argc < 2) usage(); i = fill_common_opts(opts, required_argument); add_opt(opts, i, "force", no_argument, 'f'); add_opt(opts, ++i, "out", required_argument, 'o'); add_opt(opts, ++i, NULL, 0, 0); while (1) { int c, opt_index; c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "fo:", opts, &opt_index); if (c == -1) break; switch (c) { case OPT_TOC_ENTRY: unpack_all = 0; toc_entry = &toc_entries[opt_index]; toc_entry->action = DO_UNPACK; toc_entry->action_arg = strdup(optarg); if (toc_entry->action_arg == NULL) log_err("strdup"); break; case 'f': fflag = 1; break; case 'o': snprintf(outdir, sizeof(outdir), "%s", optarg); break; default: usage(); } } argc -= optind; argv += optind; if (argc == 0) usage(); parse_fip(argv[0], NULL); if (outdir[0] != '\0') if (chdir(outdir) == -1) log_err("chdir %s", outdir); /* Mark all images to be unpacked. */ if (unpack_all) { for (toc_entry = toc_entries; toc_entry->cmdline_name != NULL; toc_entry++) { if (toc_entry->image != NULL) { toc_entry->action = DO_UNPACK; toc_entry->action_arg = NULL; } } } /* Unpack all specified images. */ for (toc_entry = toc_entries; toc_entry->cmdline_name != NULL; toc_entry++) { if (toc_entry->action != DO_UNPACK) continue; /* Build filename. */ if (toc_entry->action_arg == NULL) snprintf(file, sizeof(file), "%s.bin", toc_entry->cmdline_name); else snprintf(file, sizeof(file), "%s", toc_entry->action_arg); if (toc_entry->image == NULL) { log_warnx("Requested image %s is not in %s", file, argv[0]); free(toc_entry->action_arg); toc_entry->action_arg = NULL; continue; } if (access(file, F_OK) != 0 || fflag) { if (verbose) log_dbgx("Unpacking %s", file); write_image_to_file(toc_entry->image, file); } else { log_warnx("File %s already exists, use --force to overwrite it", file); } free(toc_entry->action_arg); toc_entry->action_arg = NULL; } free_images(); return 0; } static void unpack_usage(void) { toc_entry_t *toc_entry = toc_entries; printf("fiptool unpack [--force] [--out ] [opts] FIP_FILENAME\n"); printf(" --force\tIf the output file already exists, use --force to " "overwrite it.\n"); printf(" --out path\tSet the output directory path.\n"); fputc('\n', stderr); printf("Specific images are unpacked with the following options:\n"); for (; toc_entry->cmdline_name != NULL; toc_entry++) printf(" --%-16s FILENAME\t%s\n", toc_entry->cmdline_name, toc_entry->name); fputc('\n', stderr); printf("If no options are provided, all images will be unpacked.\n"); } static int remove_cmd(int argc, char *argv[]) { struct option opts[toc_entries_len + 2]; char outfile[FILENAME_MAX] = { 0 }; fip_toc_header_t toc_header; toc_entry_t *toc_entry; int fflag = 0; int i; if (argc < 2) usage(); i = fill_common_opts(opts, no_argument); add_opt(opts, i, "force", no_argument, 'f'); add_opt(opts, ++i, "out", required_argument, 'o'); add_opt(opts, ++i, NULL, 0, 0); while (1) { int c, opt_index; c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "fo:", opts, &opt_index); if (c == -1) break; switch (c) { case OPT_TOC_ENTRY: toc_entry = &toc_entries[opt_index]; toc_entry->action = DO_REMOVE; break; case 'f': fflag = 1; break; case 'o': snprintf(outfile, sizeof(outfile), "%s", optarg); break; default: usage(); } } argc -= optind; argv += optind; if (argc == 0) usage(); if (outfile[0] != '\0' && access(outfile, F_OK) == 0 && !fflag) log_errx("File %s already exists, use --force to overwrite it", outfile); if (outfile[0] == '\0') snprintf(outfile, sizeof(outfile), "%s", argv[0]); parse_fip(argv[0], &toc_header); for (toc_entry = toc_entries; toc_entry->cmdline_name != NULL; toc_entry++) { if (toc_entry->action != DO_REMOVE) continue; if (toc_entry->image != NULL) { if (verbose) log_dbgx("Removing %s.bin", toc_entry->cmdline_name); remove_image(toc_entry->image); } else { log_warnx("Requested image %s.bin is not in %s", toc_entry->cmdline_name, argv[0]); } } pack_images(outfile, toc_header.flags); free_images(); return 0; } static void remove_usage(void) { toc_entry_t *toc_entry = toc_entries; printf("fiptool remove [--force] [--out FIP_FILENAME] [opts] FIP_FILENAME\n"); printf(" --force\t\tIf the output FIP file already exists, use --force to " "overwrite it.\n"); printf(" --out FIP_FILENAME\tSet an alternative output FIP file.\n"); fputc('\n', stderr); printf("Specific images are removed with the following options:\n"); for (; toc_entry->cmdline_name != NULL; toc_entry++) printf(" --%-16s\t%s\n", toc_entry->cmdline_name, toc_entry->name); } static int version_cmd(int argc, char *argv[]) { #ifdef VERSION puts(VERSION); #else /* If built from fiptool directory, VERSION is not set. */ puts("Unknown version"); #endif return 0; } static void version_usage(void) { printf("fiptool version\n"); } static int help_cmd(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; if (argc < 2) usage(); argc--, argv++; for (i = 0; i < NELEM(cmds); i++) { if (strcmp(cmds[i].name, argv[0]) == 0 && cmds[i].usage != NULL) { cmds[i].usage(); break; } } if (i == NELEM(cmds)) printf("No help for subcommand '%s'\n", argv[0]); return 0; } static void usage(void) { printf("usage: [--verbose] fiptool []\n"); printf("Global options supported:\n"); printf(" --verbose\tEnable verbose output for all commands.\n"); fputc('\n', stderr); printf("Commands supported:\n"); printf(" info\t\tList images contained in FIP.\n"); printf(" create\tCreate a new FIP with the given images.\n"); printf(" update\tUpdate an existing FIP with the given images.\n"); printf(" unpack\tUnpack images from FIP.\n"); printf(" remove\tRemove images from FIP.\n"); printf(" version\tShow fiptool version.\n"); printf(" help\t\tShow help for given command.\n"); exit(1); } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i, ret = 0; if (argc < 2) usage(); argc--, argv++; if (strcmp(argv[0], "-v") == 0 || strcmp(argv[0], "--verbose") == 0) { verbose = 1; argc--, argv++; } for (i = 0; i < NELEM(cmds); i++) { if (strcmp(cmds[i].name, argv[0]) == 0) { ret = cmds[i].handler(argc, argv); break; } } if (i == NELEM(cmds)) usage(); return ret; }