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Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>
(cherry picked from commit 56b4b776c84f364384971c4cdfd66b4a2f0696d4)

Fuse doesn't want the callers to access the inode attributes without
issuing stat, and it is not assured that they are valid after lookup or
iget().
The inode attribute is critical for aufs, and aufs decided to call stat
every time for fuse.
Of course, it makes aufs slow. But when the branch fs is not fuse, stat
is not called.

Currently, only FUSE implements ->poll(), and aufs supports it.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Special support for filesystems which acquires an inode mutex at final
closing a file, eg, hfsplus.
This trick is very simple and stupid, just to open the file before really
necessary open to tell hfsplus that this is not the final closing.
The caller should call au_h_open_pre() after acquiring the inode mutex,
and au_h_open_post() after releasing it.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Support for the options of MVDOWN feature, which allows to overwrite the
existing entry, and writing to the branch even if its permission is RO.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Provide a file descriptor corresponding the specified writable branch.
The file descriptor will be used from user-space such as FHSM and
libau.so. For details, see aufs-util.git.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Implement an internal list of opened files to allow deleting a branch
which has an opened dir. Obviously I don't like such list.

There was such list in linux as sb->s_files, but in linux-3.12 s_files
became containing just a part of the opened files, and in linux-3.13 it
was totally gone.
Aufs still needs the file list, particularly for re-setting the branch
attribute from RW to RO.
After resetting to RO, aufs should return EROFS for write. In order to
support such case, aufs keeps the late s_files and mark_files_ro()
approach.

See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Extend do_open_dir(), au_do_open_nondir() and au_do_open() to receive an
additional parameter h_file, which is an opened file object by branch
fs's ->atomic_open(). By this design/commit, aufs doesn't have to
duplicate many codes into a new aufs_atomic_open() (in later commit),
and can simply share them.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Implement several f_op functions for non-dir.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

For details, read the document in this commit.
I don't like this approach, but there is no other way currently. But it
seems that UnionMount is trying add siblings of f_dentry and d_inode for
linux-4.0 or later. It may become another light for aufs too.

The finfo object which has ever mmapped is excluded from
refreshing (based upon fi_mmapped). Otherwise we may corrupt the process
memory space.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

By default, aufs doesn't copy-up the file in open(2).
The file write operation is one of the trigger of the copy-up.
Although I understand that O_RDWR or O_WRONLY should trigger the
copy-up, it is not a good idea for the case of open(O_RDWR) +
mmap(MAP_PRIVATE). In this case, all changes are not written-back to the
file on disk, and the copy-up is meaningless entirely.
In other words, aufs postpone the copy-up as possible.

This design also applies to the file operation after branch management.
Some of the opened file need to be refreshed after add/del/mod
branches. Eg. detect the revealed same named one, open it, close the old
one internally while the virtual file is kept opened.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Implement f_op->open() for non-directory.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

As a part of branch-management, aufs maintains all cached inodes,
dentries, and opened files in remounting.
This commits handles the opened files by counting the number of them,
generating an array of their pointers. I don't like such array
approach, but I don't have another idea.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Expand finfo to support for a directory.
For readdir(3), see VDIR and RDU in later commits.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

As a result of branch management, the virtual inode may point a
different real inode from it used to. And aufs has to maintain its
address_space_operations, since its definition may affect the
behaviour.
I know some people (including grsec-patch) doesn't like a non-const
address_space_operations, but in order to keep the consistency of the
behaviour, the correct address_space_operations is important.

See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The internal file read/write for copy-up in kernelspace.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>