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In order to prevent firing the notify event from aufs itself, hnotify
feature is suspend/resume-able. They are combined with mutex lock/unlock
for the parent dir.

See also previous commits.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

This is the hardest test to support UDBA (users' direct branch access).
It uses 'fsnotify' internally.  Detecting UDBA, decrements the
generation of the cached aufs objects.  In the next access to the file,
aufs detects the generation is obsoleted and tries refreshing it.
Eventually aufs cache will be updated to latest status.

The fsnotify is set on the cached dirs on the non-RR branches.
The RR (real readonly) branches will never be modified and it is
unnecessary to set fsnotify for them.

This commit is for the declarations mainly, and the body parts will be
in succeeding commits.

This feature is compiled only when CONFIG_AUFS_HNOTIFY is enabled.
See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Aufs allows users' direct branch access (UDBA), ie. by-passing aufs.
Of course it will make aufs inode/dentry-caches obsolete. In order to
detect such change by the several tests, "udba=" option is introduced.

For details, see lookup.txt in later commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Basically copy-up is done by these steps using au_pin (in another
commit).
- lock the target parent mutex
- lookup a negative dentry with a whiteout-ed temporary unique name
- create it
- unlock the target parent mutex
- copy filedata
- copy metadata (inode attributes)
- lock the target parent mutex
- rename the temporary name to the target name
- unlock the target parent mutex

This commit contains step2 mainly.
I hope someday aufs uses O_TMPFILE for this.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

To create/delete/rename files including copy-up, aufs acquires several
locks on the branch fs internally. These lock/unlock operations are
consolidated into struct au_pin in this commit.
au_pin handles
- LOCKDEP class
- re-validate/verify
- suspend/resume HNOTIFY

See also lookup.txt in later commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The functions to create/delete the opaque directory marker (called
'diropq') on the added writable branch.
For details, refer to previous commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Actually prepare the whiteout bases on the adding writable branch.
For details, refer to previous commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The writable branch prepares a few files and dirs for whiteouts.
For branch filesystems which doesn't support link(2), there is "nolwh"
attribute. On the branch which is specified this attribute, aufs never
try link(2) for whitout and always creat(2) it.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The whiteout represents a logical deletion.
Although the document in this commit mentioned about rmdir(2) and
rename(2) for dir, this commit doesn't contain such functions. They will
be added in later commits.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>