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Introduce OAuthRefreshAPI as the single entry point for all OAuth token
refresh operations, eliminating the race condition where background
refresh and inline refresh could simultaneously use the same
refresh_token (fixes #1035).

Key changes:
- Add OAuthRefreshExecutor interface extending TokenRefresher with CacheKey
- Add OAuthRefreshAPI.RefreshIfNeeded with lock → DB re-read → double-check flow
- Add ProviderRefreshPolicy / BackgroundRefreshPolicy strategy types
- Simplify all 4 TokenProviders to delegate to OAuthRefreshAPI
- Rewrite TokenRefreshService.refreshWithRetry to use unified API path
- Add MergeCredentials and BuildClaudeAccountCredentials helpers
- Add 40 unit tests covering all new and modified code paths