feat: track authenticated user activity

backend/internal/server/middleware/admin_auth_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/pkg/pagination"
@@ -153,6 +154,18 @@ func (s *stubUserRepo) Delete(ctx context.Context, id int64) error {
 	panic("unexpected Delete call")
 }
 
+func (s *stubUserRepo) GetUserAvatar(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (*service.UserAvatar, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (s *stubUserRepo) UpsertUserAvatar(ctx context.Context, userID int64, input service.UpsertUserAvatarInput) (*service.UserAvatar, error) {
+	panic("unexpected UpsertUserAvatar call")
+}
+
+func (s *stubUserRepo) DeleteUserAvatar(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error {
+	panic("unexpected DeleteUserAvatar call")
+}
+
 func (s *stubUserRepo) List(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams) ([]service.User, *pagination.PaginationResult, error) {
 	panic("unexpected List call")
 }
@@ -161,6 +174,18 @@ func (s *stubUserRepo) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.Pa
 	panic("unexpected ListWithFilters call")
 }
 
+func (s *stubUserRepo) GetLatestUsedAtByUserIDs(ctx context.Context, userIDs []int64) (map[int64]*time.Time, error) {
+	panic("unexpected GetLatestUsedAtByUserIDs call")
+}
+
+func (s *stubUserRepo) GetLatestUsedAtByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (*time.Time, error) {
+	panic("unexpected GetLatestUsedAtByUserID call")
+}
+
+func (s *stubUserRepo) UpdateUserLastActiveAt(ctx context.Context, userID int64, activeAt time.Time) error {
+	panic("unexpected UpdateUserLastActiveAt call")
+}
+
 func (s *stubUserRepo) UpdateBalance(ctx context.Context, id int64, amount float64) error {
 	panic("unexpected UpdateBalance call")
 }
@@ -189,6 +214,10 @@ func (s *stubUserRepo) AddGroupToAllowedGroups(ctx context.Context, userID int64
 	panic("unexpected AddGroupToAllowedGroups call")
 }
 
+func (s *stubUserRepo) ListUserAuthIdentities(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]service.UserAuthIdentityRecord, error) {
+	panic("unexpected ListUserAuthIdentities call")
+}
+
 func (s *stubUserRepo) UpdateTotpSecret(ctx context.Context, userID int64, encryptedSecret *string) error {
 	panic("unexpected UpdateTotpSecret call")
 }

backend/internal/server/middleware/jwt_auth.go

 package middleware
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -11,11 +12,19 @@ import (
 
 // NewJWTAuthMiddleware 创建 JWT 认证中间件
 func NewJWTAuthMiddleware(authService *service.AuthService, userService *service.UserService) JWTAuthMiddleware {
-	return JWTAuthMiddleware(jwtAuth(authService, userService))
+	return JWTAuthMiddleware(jwtAuth(authService, userService, userService))
+}
+
+type jwtUserReader interface {
+	GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*service.User, error)
+}
+
+type userActivityToucher interface {
+	TouchLastActiveForUser(ctx context.Context, user *service.User)
 }
 
 // jwtAuth JWT认证中间件实现
-func jwtAuth(authService *service.AuthService, userService *service.UserService) gin.HandlerFunc {
+func jwtAuth(authService *service.AuthService, userService jwtUserReader, activityToucher userActivityToucher) gin.HandlerFunc {
 	return func(c *gin.Context) {
 		// 从Authorization header中提取token
 		authHeader := c.GetHeader("Authorization")
@@ -73,6 +82,9 @@ func jwtAuth(authService *service.AuthService, userService *service.UserService)
 			Concurrency: user.Concurrency,
 		})
 		c.Set(string(ContextKeyUserRole), user.Role)
+		if activityToucher != nil {
+			activityToucher.TouchLastActiveForUser(c.Request.Context(), user)
+		}
 
 		c.Next()
 	}

backend/internal/server/middleware/jwt_auth_test.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/config"
 	"github.com/Wei-Shaw/sub2api/internal/service"
@@ -30,6 +31,25 @@ func (r *stubJWTUserRepo) GetByID(_ context.Context, id int64) (*service.User, e
 	return u, nil
 }
 
+func (r *stubJWTUserRepo) GetUserAvatar(_ context.Context, _ int64) (*service.UserAvatar, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (r *stubJWTUserRepo) UpdateUserLastActiveAt(_ context.Context, _ int64, _ time.Time) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+type recordingActivityToucher struct {
+	userIDs []int64
+}
+
+func (r *recordingActivityToucher) TouchLastActiveForUser(_ context.Context, user *service.User) {
+	if user == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	r.userIDs = append(r.userIDs, user.ID)
+}
+
 // newJWTTestEnv 创建 JWT 认证中间件测试环境。
 // 返回 gin.Engine（已注册 JWT 中间件）和 AuthService（用于生成 Token）。
 func newJWTTestEnv(users map[int64]*service.User) (*gin.Engine, *service.AuthService) {
@@ -106,6 +126,45 @@ func TestJWTAuth_ValidToken_LowercaseBearer(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
 }
 
+func TestJWTAuth_ValidToken_TouchesLastActive(t *testing.T) {
+	user := &service.User{
+		ID:           1,
+		Email:        "test@example.com",
+		Role:         "user",
+		Status:       service.StatusActive,
+		Concurrency:  5,
+		TokenVersion: 1,
+	}
+
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{}
+	cfg.JWT.Secret = "test-jwt-secret-32bytes-long!!!"
+	cfg.JWT.AccessTokenExpireMinutes = 60
+
+	userRepo := &stubJWTUserRepo{users: map[int64]*service.User{1: user}}
+	authSvc := service.NewAuthService(nil, userRepo, nil, nil, cfg, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil)
+	userSvc := service.NewUserService(userRepo, nil, nil, nil)
+	toucher := &recordingActivityToucher{}
+
+	r := gin.New()
+	r.Use(jwtAuth(authSvc, userSvc, toucher))
+	r.GET("/protected", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.Status(http.StatusOK)
+	})
+
+	token, err := authSvc.GenerateToken(user)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/protected", nil)
+	req.Header.Set("Authorization", "Bearer "+token)
+	r.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	require.Equal(t, []int64{1}, toucher.userIDs)
+}
+
 func TestJWTAuth_MissingAuthorizationHeader(t *testing.T) {
 	router, _ := newJWTTestEnv(nil)
 

backend/internal/service/admin_service_apikey_test.go

@@ -88,6 +88,9 @@ func (s *userRepoStubForGroupUpdate) GetLatestUsedAtByUserIDs(context.Context, [
 func (s *userRepoStubForGroupUpdate) GetLatestUsedAtByUserID(context.Context, int64) (*time.Time, error) {
 	panic("unexpected")
 }
+func (s *userRepoStubForGroupUpdate) UpdateUserLastActiveAt(context.Context, int64, time.Time) error {
+	panic("unexpected")
+}
 func (s *userRepoStubForGroupUpdate) RemoveGroupFromUserAllowedGroups(context.Context, int64, int64) error {
 	panic("unexpected")
 }

backend/internal/service/admin_service_delete_test.go

@@ -107,6 +107,18 @@ func (s *userRepoStub) ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.Pa
 	panic("unexpected ListWithFilters call")
 }
 
+func (s *userRepoStub) GetLatestUsedAtByUserIDs(ctx context.Context, userIDs []int64) (map[int64]*time.Time, error) {
+	panic("unexpected GetLatestUsedAtByUserIDs call")
+}
+
+func (s *userRepoStub) GetLatestUsedAtByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (*time.Time, error) {
+	panic("unexpected GetLatestUsedAtByUserID call")
+}
+
+func (s *userRepoStub) UpdateUserLastActiveAt(ctx context.Context, userID int64, activeAt time.Time) error {
+	panic("unexpected UpdateUserLastActiveAt call")
+}
+
 func (s *userRepoStub) UpdateBalance(ctx context.Context, id int64, amount float64) error {
 	panic("unexpected UpdateBalance call")
 }

backend/internal/service/admin_service_email_identity_sync_test.go

@@ -97,6 +97,10 @@ func (s *emailSyncRepoStub) GetLatestUsedAtByUserID(context.Context, int64) (*ti
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
+func (s *emailSyncRepoStub) UpdateUserLastActiveAt(context.Context, int64, time.Time) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (s *emailSyncRepoStub) UpdateBalance(context.Context, int64, float64) error { return nil }
 
 func (s *emailSyncRepoStub) DeductBalance(context.Context, int64, float64) error { return nil }

backend/internal/service/user_service.go

@@ -19,10 +19,13 @@ import (
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/url"
 	"sort"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	xdraw "golang.org/x/image/draw"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/singleflight"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -47,6 +50,8 @@ const (
 	notifyCodeUserRateWindow = 10 * time.Minute
 
 	defaultUserIdentityRedirect = "/settings/profile"
+	userLastActiveMinTouch      = 10 * time.Minute
+	userLastActiveFailBackoff   = 30 * time.Second
 )
 
 var (
@@ -82,6 +87,7 @@ type UserRepository interface {
 	ListWithFilters(ctx context.Context, params pagination.PaginationParams, filters UserListFilters) ([]User, *pagination.PaginationResult, error)
 	GetLatestUsedAtByUserIDs(ctx context.Context, userIDs []int64) (map[int64]*time.Time, error)
 	GetLatestUsedAtByUserID(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (*time.Time, error)
+	UpdateUserLastActiveAt(ctx context.Context, userID int64, activeAt time.Time) error
 
 	UpdateBalance(ctx context.Context, id int64, amount float64) error
 	DeductBalance(ctx context.Context, id int64, amount float64) error
@@ -192,6 +198,8 @@ type UserService struct {
 	settingRepo          SettingRepository
 	authCacheInvalidator APIKeyAuthCacheInvalidator
 	billingCache         BillingCache
+	lastActiveTouchL1    sync.Map
+	lastActiveTouchSF    singleflight.Group
 }
 
 // NewUserService 创建用户服务实例
@@ -788,6 +796,66 @@ func (s *UserService) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*User, error) {
 	return user, nil
 }
 
+// TouchLastActive 通过防抖更新 users.last_active_at，减少鉴权热路径写放大。
+// 该操作为尽力而为，不应中断正常请求。
+func (s *UserService) TouchLastActive(ctx context.Context, userID int64) {
+	if s == nil || s.userRepo == nil || userID <= 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	user, err := s.userRepo.GetByID(ctx, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Debug("skip touch user last active after load failure", "user_id", userID, "error", err)
+		return
+	}
+	s.TouchLastActiveForUser(ctx, user)
+}
+
+// TouchLastActiveForUser 使用已加载的用户信息更新 last_active_at，避免重复读取数据库。
+func (s *UserService) TouchLastActiveForUser(ctx context.Context, user *User) {
+	if s == nil || s.userRepo == nil || user == nil || user.ID <= 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	if userLastActiveFresh(user.LastActiveAt, now) {
+		return
+	}
+	if v, ok := s.lastActiveTouchL1.Load(user.ID); ok {
+		if nextAllowedAt, ok := v.(time.Time); ok && now.Before(nextAllowedAt) {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	_, err, _ := s.lastActiveTouchSF.Do(strconv.FormatInt(user.ID, 10), func() (any, error) {
+		latest := time.Now()
+		if v, ok := s.lastActiveTouchL1.Load(user.ID); ok {
+			if nextAllowedAt, ok := v.(time.Time); ok && latest.Before(nextAllowedAt) {
+				return nil, nil
+			}
+		}
+		if userLastActiveFresh(user.LastActiveAt, latest) {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+		if err := s.userRepo.UpdateUserLastActiveAt(ctx, user.ID, latest); err != nil {
+			s.lastActiveTouchL1.Store(user.ID, latest.Add(userLastActiveFailBackoff))
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("touch user last active: %w", err)
+		}
+		s.lastActiveTouchL1.Store(user.ID, latest.Add(userLastActiveMinTouch))
+		return nil, nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		slog.Warn("touch user last active failed", "user_id", user.ID, "error", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func userLastActiveFresh(lastActiveAt *time.Time, now time.Time) bool {
+	if lastActiveAt == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return now.Before(lastActiveAt.Add(userLastActiveMinTouch))
+}
+
 func (s *UserService) hydrateUserAvatar(ctx context.Context, user *User) error {
 	if s == nil || s.userRepo == nil || user == nil || user.ID == 0 {
 		return nil

backend/internal/service/user_service_test.go

@@ -23,18 +23,21 @@ import (
 // --- mock: UserRepository ---
 
 type mockUserRepo struct {
-	updateBalanceErr error
-	updateBalanceFn  func(ctx context.Context, id int64, amount float64) error
-	getByIDUser      *User
-	getByIDErr       error
-	updateFn         func(ctx context.Context, user *User) error
-	updateCalls      int
-	upsertAvatarFn   func(ctx context.Context, userID int64, input UpsertUserAvatarInput) (*UserAvatar, error)
-	upsertAvatarArgs []UpsertUserAvatarInput
-	deleteAvatarFn   func(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error
-	deleteAvatarIDs  []int64
-	getAvatarFn      func(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (*UserAvatar, error)
-	txCalls          int
+	updateBalanceErr        error
+	updateBalanceFn         func(ctx context.Context, id int64, amount float64) error
+	getByIDUser             *User
+	getByIDErr              error
+	updateLastActiveErr     error
+	updateLastActiveUserIDs []int64
+	updateLastActiveAt      []time.Time
+	updateFn                func(ctx context.Context, user *User) error
+	updateCalls             int
+	upsertAvatarFn          func(ctx context.Context, userID int64, input UpsertUserAvatarInput) (*UserAvatar, error)
+	upsertAvatarArgs        []UpsertUserAvatarInput
+	deleteAvatarFn          func(ctx context.Context, userID int64) error
+	deleteAvatarIDs         []int64
+	getAvatarFn             func(ctx context.Context, userID int64) (*UserAvatar, error)
+	txCalls                 int
 }
 
 type mockUserRepoTxKey struct{}
@@ -144,6 +147,11 @@ func (m *mockUserRepo) UpdateBalance(ctx context.Context, id int64, amount float
 	}
 	return m.updateBalanceErr
 }
+func (m *mockUserRepo) UpdateUserLastActiveAt(_ context.Context, userID int64, activeAt time.Time) error {
+	m.updateLastActiveUserIDs = append(m.updateLastActiveUserIDs, userID)
+	m.updateLastActiveAt = append(m.updateLastActiveAt, activeAt)
+	return m.updateLastActiveErr
+}
 func (m *mockUserRepo) DeductBalance(context.Context, int64, float64) error { return nil }
 func (m *mockUserRepo) UpdateConcurrency(context.Context, int64, int) error { return nil }
 func (m *mockUserRepo) ExistsByEmail(context.Context, string) (bool, error) { return false, nil }
@@ -288,6 +296,39 @@ func TestUpdateBalance_CacheFailure_DoesNotAffectReturn(t *testing.T) {
 	}, 2*time.Second, 10*time.Millisecond, "即使失败也应调用 InvalidateUserBalance")
 }
 
+func TestTouchLastActive_UpdatesWhenStale(t *testing.T) {
+	stale := time.Now().Add(-11 * time.Minute)
+	repo := &mockUserRepo{
+		getByIDUser: &User{
+			ID:           42,
+			LastActiveAt: &stale,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewUserService(repo, nil, nil, nil)
+
+	svc.TouchLastActive(context.Background(), 42)
+
+	require.Equal(t, []int64{42}, repo.updateLastActiveUserIDs)
+	require.Len(t, repo.updateLastActiveAt, 1)
+	require.WithinDuration(t, time.Now(), repo.updateLastActiveAt[0], 2*time.Second)
+}
+
+func TestTouchLastActive_SkipsWhenRecent(t *testing.T) {
+	recent := time.Now().Add(-time.Minute)
+	repo := &mockUserRepo{
+		getByIDUser: &User{
+			ID:           42,
+			LastActiveAt: &recent,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := NewUserService(repo, nil, nil, nil)
+
+	svc.TouchLastActive(context.Background(), 42)
+
+	require.Empty(t, repo.updateLastActiveUserIDs)
+	require.Empty(t, repo.updateLastActiveAt)
+}
+
 func TestUpdateBalance_RepoError_ReturnsError(t *testing.T) {
 	repo := &mockUserRepo{updateBalanceErr: errors.New("database error")}
 	cache := &mockBillingCache{}

frontend/src/views/admin/UsersView.vue

@@ -455,12 +455,6 @@
             <span class="text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-dark-400">{{ formatDateTime(value) }}</span>
           </template>
 
-          <template #cell-last_login_at="{ value }">
-            <span class="text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-dark-400">
-              {{ value ? formatDateTime(value) : '-' }}
-            </span>
-          </template>
-
           <template #cell-last_used_at="{ value }">
             <span class="text-sm text-gray-500 dark:text-dark-400">
               {{ value ? formatDateTime(value) : '-' }}
@@ -718,7 +712,6 @@ const allColumns = computed<Column[]>(() => [
   { key: 'usage', label: t('admin.users.columns.usage'), sortable: false },
   { key: 'concurrency', label: t('admin.users.columns.concurrency'), sortable: true },
   { key: 'status', label: t('admin.users.columns.status'), sortable: true },
-  { key: 'last_login_at', label: t('admin.users.columns.lastLogin'), sortable: true },
   { key: 'last_used_at', label: t('admin.users.columns.lastUsed'), sortable: true },
   { key: 'last_active_at', label: t('admin.users.columns.lastActive'), sortable: true },
   { key: 'created_at', label: t('admin.users.columns.created'), sortable: true },
@@ -735,7 +728,9 @@ const toggleableColumns = computed(() =>
 const hiddenColumns = reactive<Set<string>>(new Set())
 
 // Default hidden columns (columns hidden by default on first load)
-const DEFAULT_HIDDEN_COLUMNS = ['notes', 'groups', 'subscriptions', 'usage', 'concurrency', 'last_login_at', 'last_active_at']
+const DEFAULT_HIDDEN_COLUMNS = ['notes', 'groups', 'subscriptions', 'usage', 'concurrency']
+const REMOVED_COLUMNS = new Set(['last_login_at'])
+const FORCED_VISIBLE_COLUMNS = new Set(['last_active_at'])
 
 // localStorage key for column settings
 const HIDDEN_COLUMNS_KEY = 'user-hidden-columns'
@@ -746,7 +741,9 @@ const loadSavedColumns = () => {
     const saved = localStorage.getItem(HIDDEN_COLUMNS_KEY)
     if (saved) {
       const parsed = JSON.parse(saved) as string[]
-      parsed.forEach(key => hiddenColumns.add(key))
+      parsed
+        .filter(key => !REMOVED_COLUMNS.has(key) && !FORCED_VISIBLE_COLUMNS.has(key))
+        .forEach(key => hiddenColumns.add(key))
     } else {
       // Use default hidden columns on first load
       DEFAULT_HIDDEN_COLUMNS.forEach(key => hiddenColumns.add(key))
@@ -808,7 +805,7 @@ const searchQuery = ref('')
 const USER_SORT_STORAGE_KEY = 'admin-users-table-sort'
 const loadInitialSortState = (): { sort_by: string; sort_order: 'asc' | 'desc' } => {
   const fallback = { sort_by: 'created_at', sort_order: 'desc' as 'asc' | 'desc' }
-  const sortable = new Set(['email', 'id', 'username', 'role', 'balance', 'concurrency', 'status', 'last_login_at', 'last_used_at', 'last_active_at', 'created_at'])
+  const sortable = new Set(['email', 'id', 'username', 'role', 'balance', 'concurrency', 'status', 'last_used_at', 'last_active_at', 'created_at'])
   try {
     const raw = localStorage.getItem(USER_SORT_STORAGE_KEY)
     if (!raw) return fallback

frontend/src/views/admin/__tests__/UsersView.spec.ts

@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ describe('admin UsersView', () => {
     getBatchUserAttributes.mockResolvedValue({ values: {} })
   })
 
-  it('shows last_used_at column and requests last_used_at sort', async () => {
+  it('shows active and used activity columns, hides last_login_at, and requests last_used_at sort', async () => {
     const wrapper = mount(UsersView, {
       global: {
         stubs: {
@@ -144,7 +144,10 @@ describe('admin UsersView', () => {
 
     await flushPromises()
 
-    expect(wrapper.get('[data-test="columns"]').text()).toContain('last_used_at')
+    const columns = wrapper.get('[data-test="columns"]').text()
+    expect(columns).toContain('last_used_at')
+    expect(columns).toContain('last_active_at')
+    expect(columns).not.toContain('last_login_at')
 
     await wrapper.get('[data-test="sort-last-used"]').trigger('click')
     await flushPromises()