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This feature automatically handles MVDOWN in other commits.
In user-space, a daemon monitors the free space of the branch and issues
MVDOWN ioctl automatically when necessary. The main role is in
user-space and several options are implemented.
For a branch to join the FHSM circle, a new attribute 'fhsm' should be
specified.

See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Another ioctl feature, move-down.
The behaviour is, as you can guess, the opposite of copy-up.
The feature called FHSM (file-based hierarchical storage management, in
later commit) uses this ioctl aggressively.

See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Generally aufs hides the name of whiteouts. But in some cases, to show
them is very useful for users. For instance, creating a new middle layer
(branch) by merging existing layers.

See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

This feature is definitely one of the things I really don't like.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Sometimes the aufs policy to respect the branch fs's permission bits
makes users confused. IE. the direcotry permission bits on the top branch
allows users to read, but the lower branch prohibts. This option may be
useful for such case.
See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The permissions and attributes of a branch can be modified dynamically.
See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Implement an internal list of opened files to allow deleting a branch
which has an opened dir. Obviously I don't like such list.

There was such list in linux as sb->s_files, but in linux-3.12 s_files
became containing just a part of the opened files, and in linux-3.13 it
was totally gone.
Aufs still needs the file list, particularly for re-setting the branch
attribute from RW to RO.
After resetting to RO, aufs should return EROFS for write. In order to
support such case, aufs keeps the late s_files and mark_files_ro()
approach.

See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Refer to this document obviously.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

For details, read the document in this commit.
I don't like this approach, but there is no other way currently. But it
seems that UnionMount is trying add siblings of f_dentry and d_inode for
linux-4.0 or later. It may become another light for aufs too.

The finfo object which has ever mmapped is excluded from
refreshing (based upon fi_mmapped). Otherwise we may corrupt the process
memory space.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Support for XATTR and ACL including several branch attributes to ignore
the copy error around XATTR and ACL.

NFS always sets MS_POSIXACL regardless its mount option 'noacl.'
When MS_POSIXACL is set, generic_permission() calls check_acl() (via
acl_permission_check()) and gets -EOPNOTSUPP because the NFS branch is
mounted as 'noacl.'
In aufs, h_permission() should not call generic_permission() in this
case.
The similar thing happens in coping-up XATTR. vfs_getxattr_alloc()
returns -EOPNOTSUPP.

See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

This commit is just to prepare for the succeeding commit, and split to
suppress the size of a single commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

This is the hardest test to support UDBA (users' direct branch access).
It uses 'fsnotify' internally.  Detecting UDBA, decrements the
generation of the cached aufs objects.  In the next access to the file,
aufs detects the generation is obsoleted and tries refreshing it.
Eventually aufs cache will be updated to latest status.

The fsnotify is set on the cached dirs on the non-RR branches.
The RR (real readonly) branches will never be modified and it is
unnecessary to set fsnotify for them.

This commit is for the declarations mainly, and the body parts will be
in succeeding commits.

This feature is compiled only when CONFIG_AUFS_HNOTIFY is enabled.
See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The main part is in previous commit.
This commit handles the generation of aufs objects, to make sure the
inode in the file handle is still valid.
In order not to confuse NFSD, the various operation returns ESTALE for
NFSD where it used to return EBUSY.

See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

As a result of branch management, the virtual inode may point a
different real inode from it used to. And aufs has to maintain its
address_space_operations, since its definition may affect the
behaviour.
I know some people (including grsec-patch) doesn't like a non-const
address_space_operations, but in order to keep the consistency of the
behaviour, the correct address_space_operations is important.

See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Aufs can have multiple writable branches, and there are several
policies to select one among them.
This commit implements default "top-down-parent" for both of
creating-policy and copyup-policy.

See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Copy the inode attributes between branches.
See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Aufs pseudo-link (plink) represents a virtual hardlink across the
branches. To implement the plink maintenance mode, aufs uses procfs.
See also the document in this commit.

There is an external user-space utility called 'auplink' in
aufs-util.git, which has these features.
- 'list' shows the pseudo-linked inode numbers and filenames.
- 'cpup' copies-up all pseudo-link to the writable branch.
- 'flush' calls 'cpup', and then 'mount -o remount,clean_plink=inum'
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The whiteout represents a logical deletion.
Although the document in this commit mentioned about rmdir(2) and
rename(2) for dir, this commit doesn't contain such functions. They will
be added in later commits.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

XINO and XIB files are read and written frequently after unlinked, and
it means that the remote filesystems are not suitable for them.
Additionally aufs shows their metadata via debugfs (in later commit).
To make it easier to do this, aufs expects branch filesystems to
maintain their i_size and i_blocks. And it means some filesystem are not
suitable for XINO.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Aufs uses the workqueue both synchronously and asynchronously.
For sync-use-case, aufs uses its own specific wkq since doesn't want to
be disturbed by other tasks on the system. For async-use-case, aufs uses
the system global workqueue.
Aufs has to prevent itself to being unmounted during the async-task is
queued.

See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The branch object is managed by the sbinfo object as an element of its
internal array. The iinfo and dinfo objects contain the branch id, and
it will be used to implement the correct order in branch management
(add/del).

See also the documents in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The structure is very similar to aufs inode info (in previous commit).
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

See the documents in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

A header file for both of kernelspace and userspace.

For the new file fs/aufs/Kconfig, the maximum number of branches is
customizable, and it determines the type (size) of 'aufs_bindex_t.' The
type is always 'signed.' If we made it 'unsigned,' then more branches
would be available. But generally I think 127 (default) is enough and it
won't be a big issue.

For those who wants more than 127 branches, other values are
available. But we should care the size of the internal pointer arrays,
and it is good for the performance to keep it in a page at most.
AUFS_BRANCH_MAX_511 is mainly for 64bit systems which limits the
internal array size less than 4k (511 x 8bytes < 4k). Similarly for
32bit systems, AUFS_BRANCH_MAX_1023 (1023 x 4 bytes < 4k).

See also the documents in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>