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This is a feature to optimize for rmdir and rename dir.
When the number of whiteouts under the target dir is very many, it may
take a long time to remove them all. To prevent this, 'dirwh=%d' option
specifies the watermark to decide when to remove them.

For details, see aufs manual in aufs-util.git.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Implement an internal list of opened files to allow deleting a branch
which has an opened dir. Obviously I don't like such list.

There was such list in linux as sb->s_files, but in linux-3.12 s_files
became containing just a part of the opened files, and in linux-3.13 it
was totally gone.
Aufs still needs the file list, particularly for re-setting the branch
attribute from RW to RO.
After resetting to RO, aufs should return EROFS for write. In order to
support such case, aufs keeps the late s_files and mark_files_ro()
approach.

See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

->atomic_open() is another monster (the other is ->rename() of course).
It operates look-up, create, and open in a single method.
Strictly speaking the behaviour is not atomic from the branch fs's point
of view, while the atomicity is kept in aufs's. This is a second-best
approach. For details, refer to the design document in previous commit.

A simple list 'si_aopen' can be put into aufs inode object, but I don't
think it a good idea because the number of inodes is much larger than
the number of super_block. If I put it into inode, it can be an
un-interesting memory pressure I am afraid.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

An enhancement for udba=none if possible.
The condition is same to the 'no ->d_revalidate()' patch series.
In this mode, i_op->getattr() is less important, and the default VFS
handler is enough.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Implement i_op->rename().
This is a big monster and I don't like it.

In order to call d_move() in aufs lock section, FS_RENAME_DOES_D_MOVE is
set to fstype.f_flags.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

As a part of branch-management, aufs maintains all cached inodes,
dentries, and opened files in remounting.
This commits handles the cached inodes by counting the number of cached
inodes, generating an array of their pointers. I don't like such array
approach, but I don't have another idea.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

This commit is just to prepare for the succeeding commit, and split to
suppress the size of a single commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Now aufs becomes mountable with very few features.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Aufs can have multiple writable branches, and there are several
policies to select one among them.
This commit implements default "top-down-parent" for both of
creating-policy and copyup-policy.

See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

In freeing aufs iinfo objects, it acquires the internal rw_sem (see
another commit in detail). Since iinfo can be freed anytime, a deadlock
may happen due to the rw_sem. To prevent this problem, this commit
introduces a flag per task.
This is another (very) ugly approach which I don't like.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Aufs pseudo-link (plink) represents a virtual hardlink across the
branches. To implement the plink maintenance mode, aufs uses procfs.
See also the document in this commit.

There is an external user-space utility called 'auplink' in
aufs-util.git, which has these features.
- 'list' shows the pseudo-linked inode numbers and filenames.
- 'cpup' copies-up all pseudo-link to the writable branch.
- 'flush' calls 'cpup', and then 'mount -o remount,clean_plink=inum'
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

As mentioned earlier, sometimes the size of XINO file is a problem.
Aufs has a feature to truncate it asynchronously using workqueue. But it
may not be so effective in some cases, and you may want to stop
discontiguous distribution of the inode numbers on branch fs.
See also the log in another commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The branch path can be much longer and it is not suitable to print via
/proc/mounts as a part of mount options. Aufs can show it either
separately via sysfs or /proc/mounts (as a part of mount options).
This approach affects the lifetime of aufs objects and sbinfo contains
kobject (in another commit). Theoretically user can disable
CONFIG_SYSFS, but the lifetime management is always necessary. So
supporting sysfs is split into two files, sysaufs.c and sysfs.c.
sysaufs.c is always compiled, but sysfs.c is compiled only when
CONFIG_SYSFS is enabled.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

XINO and XIB files are read and written frequently after unlinked, and
it means that the remote filesystems are not suitable for them.
Additionally aufs shows their metadata via debugfs (in later commit).
To make it easier to do this, aufs expects branch filesystems to
maintain their i_size and i_blocks. And it means some filesystem are not
suitable for XINO.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Aufs uses the workqueue both synchronously and asynchronously.
For sync-use-case, aufs uses its own specific wkq since doesn't want to
be disturbed by other tasks on the system. For async-use-case, aufs uses
the system global workqueue.
Aufs has to prevent itself to being unmounted during the async-task is
queued.

See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

For details, see previous commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The branch object is managed by the sbinfo object as an element of its
internal array. The iinfo and dinfo objects contain the branch id, and
it will be used to implement the correct order in branch management
(add/del).

See also the documents in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The generation of iinfo and dinfo inherit sbinfo's.
Also iinfo generation tracks the branch inode's generation to test the
matching after the branch management.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The structure is very similar to inode and dentry infos (in previous
commits), but the internal array is for 'struct au_branch' instead of
'superblock.' Additionally the lifetime of 'struct au_sbinfo' is managed
by kobject since it will be connected to sysfs by later commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>