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The internal file read/write for copy-up in kernelspace.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Copy the inode attributes between branches.
See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

To create/delete/rename files including copy-up, aufs acquires several
locks on the branch fs internally. These lock/unlock operations are
consolidated into struct au_pin in this commit.
au_pin handles
- LOCKDEP class
- re-validate/verify
- suspend/resume HNOTIFY

See also lookup.txt in later commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Aufs pseudo-link (plink) represents a virtual hardlink across the
branches. To implement the plink maintenance mode, aufs uses procfs.
See also the document in this commit.

There is an external user-space utility called 'auplink' in
aufs-util.git, which has these features.
- 'list' shows the pseudo-linked inode numbers and filenames.
- 'cpup' copies-up all pseudo-link to the writable branch.
- 'flush' calls 'cpup', and then 'mount -o remount,clean_plink=inum'
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The whiteout represents a logical deletion.
Although the document in this commit mentioned about rmdir(2) and
rename(2) for dir, this commit doesn't contain such functions. They will
be added in later commits.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The branch path can be much longer and it is not suitable to print via
/proc/mounts as a part of mount options. Aufs can show it either
separately via sysfs or /proc/mounts (as a part of mount options).
This approach affects the lifetime of aufs objects and sbinfo contains
kobject (in another commit). Theoretically user can disable
CONFIG_SYSFS, but the lifetime management is always necessary. So
supporting sysfs is split into two files, sysaufs.c and sysfs.c.
sysaufs.c is always compiled, but sysfs.c is compiled only when
CONFIG_SYSFS is enabled.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

XINO and XIB files are to maintain the inode numbers in aufs
(cf. struct.txt and aufs manual in aufs-util.git).

XINO file contains just a sequence of the inode numbers, and their
offset in the file is real_inum x sizeof(inum).  So the size is limited
by s_maxbytes of the filesystem where XINO file is located.  In order to
support the larger inum, aufs stores XINO files as an internal array.

Sometimes the size of XINO file can be a problem, ie. too big,
particularly when XINO files are located on tmpfs. In this case, another
separate patch tmpfs-ino.patch in aufs4-standalone.git is recommended
(as well as vfs-ino.patch). The patch makes tmpfs to maintain inode
number within itself and suppress its discontiguous distribution.

See also the document in next commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Aufs uses the workqueue both synchronously and asynchronously.
For sync-use-case, aufs uses its own specific wkq since doesn't want to
be disturbed by other tasks on the system. For async-use-case, aufs uses
the system global workqueue.
Aufs has to prevent itself to being unmounted during the async-task is
queued.

See also the document in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

For details, see previous commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The branch object is managed by the sbinfo object as an element of its
internal array. The iinfo and dinfo objects contain the branch id, and
it will be used to implement the correct order in branch management
(add/del).

See also the documents in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The generation of iinfo and dinfo inherit sbinfo's.
Also iinfo generation tracks the branch inode's generation to test the
matching after the branch management.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The generation of aufs objects will be updated by the branch
management (add/del branches, by later commit), and aufs will refresh
the objects based upon the generation.
In refreshing dinfos, aufs will find all ancestors of the given dentry
and store the pointers in dynamically allocated memory. I don't think it
beautiful, but I don't have any other idea.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The structure is very similar to inode and dentry infos (in previous
commits), but the internal array is for 'struct au_branch' instead of
'superblock.' Additionally the lifetime of 'struct au_sbinfo' is managed
by kobject since it will be connected to sysfs by later commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

The structure is very similar to aufs inode info (in previous commit).
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Print various info about aufs inode. This feature is enabled when
CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG and the module parameter 'debug' are set.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

This parameter is available only when CONFIG_AUFS_DEBUG is enabled, and
its default value is 0. Setting 1 will enable the various verifications
and debug outputs.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

See the documents in this commit.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>

Very basic, simple and stupid wrappers for kmalloc family.
It tries kfree_ruc() as possible, with hoping a better performance.
Signed-off-by: J. R. Okajima <hooanon05g@gmail.com>